Psychology of the Crime

Psychology of the Crime â€Å"Timothy McVeigh† The Oklahoma City Bombing was a very eye opening event in American history. Timothy McVeigh bombed the Federal building, resulting in 168 deaths and many more injuries. Timothy McVeigh meets the criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder and Narcissistic Personality Disorder due to his lack of remorse and thinking of doing justice to the government.The American Heritage Dictionary defines Narcissistic Personality Disorder as a pattern of traits and behaviors which signify infatuation and obsession with one’s self to the exclusion of all others and the egotistic and ruthless pursuit of one’s gratification, dominance, and ambition. We see all of these traits in Timothy McVeigh. McVeigh decided he would take his frustration out on others, out of anger, to give the country a â€Å"wake up call. † Sadly enough his anger was a devastating shock.McVeigh had a strong desire to get attention and seek admiration which helped him succeed in his attack. During his interview, McVeigh talked mainly about himself and how he achieved his goal and showed lack of interest in anything else. McVeigh had two partners, Fortie and Nichols, whom he met in the Army. They each played a significant role in carrying out his plan. With his self-importance, he felt like he had to be superior in all of his relationships, including the ones with Nichols and Fortie.He almost caused both of them to back out, but his controlling personality and the fear that they had of him kept them to carry out their part. With his fantasy about power and influence over the government, he carried out his plan successfully. McVeigh had the typical family a father, mother and two sisters. His mother and father always clashed and eventually got a divorce. He stayed with his father and his sisters went with his mother. He loved his grandfather, who played a constant role in McVeigh’s life.McVeigh got bullied while he was in high sc hool, receiving the name â€Å"noodle McVeigh† which later led to his antisocial behavior. He failed to conform to the social norms of society. Antisocial behavior is defined as chronic antisocial behavioral patterns, such as a failure to conform to social or legal cods, a lack of anxiety and guilt, and irresponsible behaviors. McVeigh stated that the people he killed were just â€Å"collateral damage. † He felt no guilt for his actions or for manipulating his friends. In fact, he was quite proud of his ability to carry out his plan.In his interview, his lack of concern for those who were hurt by his behaviors was clearly shown. He showed no anxiety during his interview and was quite proud. McVeigh perceived his violations of rules and norms as acts preformed for the greater good. He felt like he was a prisoner in a country that wasn’t his and he never learned from his experience. Timothy McVeigh was angry with the government and acted upon the assumption that f ederal officers, who lead the raid in Waco Texas, executed seventy six people.He thought the government was becoming somewhat oppressive in certain ways. He felt that the government overstepped their boundaries and complained that government had too much control over people’s lives. McVeigh in the end got his wish and made sure he was remembered in history, which led to his execution on June 11, 2001. McVeigh’s case actions allow us to wonder if the next insane bomber or betrayer exists within our circle of friends, or in the next person who gets bullied just as McVeigh did.

Communication Cost Essay

In some cases, the commercial cost of data transmission may be more important the time cost. Commercial organisations often prefer to transmit data over low capacity lines which they own as opposed to using public, high capacity lines that have usage charges. The routing algorithms do not have to use just one metric to determine the optimum route; rather it is possible to choose the optimum route based on multiple metrics. In order for the optimum path to be chosen by the routers between the data source and the data destination, the routers must communicate information about the relevant metrics with other routers. This nature of this communication process is also defined by the routing algorithm and the transmission time is linked to the time required for the routers to have the necessary information about the states of the surrounding routers. The time required for all the routers to agree on the state of the network, the network topology, is known as the convergence time and when all routers are aware of the network topology, the network is said to have converged. Some of the common routing algorithm types can indeed affect the convergence of the network. Some of the different algorithms characteristics that must be chosen when designing are static or dynamic routing, single path or multi-path routing and link state or distance vector routing. Static Routing. Static routing is done by use of a static list of attributes describing the network topology at the initiation of the network. This list, called a routing table, is used by the routers to decide the optimum routes for each type of data transmission and can only be changed manually. Therefore, if anything changes in the network, such as a cable breaking or a router crashing, the viability of the network is likely to be compromised. The advantage is that there is no communication required between routers, thus the network is always converged. Dynamic Routing. In contrast to static routing, dynamic routing continually updates the routing tables according to changes that might occur in the network topology. This type of real time information processing allows the network to adjust to variations in data traffic and component reliability, but does require communication between the routers and thus there is a convergence time cost associated with this solution. Single Path vs Multi-path Routing. Single path and muli-path routing are accurate descriptive terms regarding the use of either a single line to send multiple packets of data from a given source to a given destination as opposed to using multiple paths to send all the data packets from the source to the destination. Multiple path algorithms achieve a much higher transmission rate because of a more efficient utilization of available resources. Link State vs Dynamic Routing Protocols. Link-state algorithms are dynamic routing algorithms which require routers to send routing table information to all the routers in the network, but only that information which describes its own operational state. Distance-vector algorithms, however, require each router to send the whole of its router table, but only to the neighbouring routers. Because the link-state algorithms require small amounts of information to be sent to a large number of routers and the distance vector algorithm requires large amounts of information sent to a small number of routers, the link state algorithm will converge faster. However, link state algorithms require more system resources (CPU time and memory). There is a new type of algorithm developed by CISCO which is a hybrid of the link-state algorithm and the distance vector algorithm [8].. This proprietary algorithm converges faster than the typical distance-vector algorithm but provides more information to the routers than the typical link-state algorithm. This is because the routers are allowed to actively query one another to obtain the necessary information missing from the partial tables communicated by the link-state algorithms. At the same time, this hybrid algorithm avoids communication of any superfluous information exhibited in the router communications of the full tables associated with distance-vector algorithm. Switching. The distance vector, link state or hybrid algorithms all have the same purpose, to insure that all of the routers have an updated table that gives information on all the data transmission paths to a specific destination. Each of these protocols requires that when data is transmitted from a source to a destination, the routers have the ability to ‘switch’ the address on the data transmission. When a router receives a data packet from a source with the destination address, it examines the address of the destination. If the router has a path to that destination in the routing table, then the router determines the address of the next router the data packet will ‘hop’ to and changes the physical address of packet to that of the next hop, and then transmits the packet. This process of physical address change is called ‘switching’. It will be repeated at each hop until the packet reaches the final destination. Although the physical address for the forwarding transmission of the data packet changes as the packet moves across the Internet, the final destination address remains associated with the packet and is a constant. The internet is divided up into hierarchical groups that are useful in the description of the switching process. At the bottom of this hierarchy are network devices without the capability to switch and forward packets between sub-networks, where an AS is a sub-network. These network devices are called end systems (ESs), because if a packet is transmitted there, it cannot be forwarded and has come to the end. At the top of the hierarchy are the network devices that can switch physical addresses are called intermediate systems (ISs). An IS which can only forward packets within a sub-network are referred to as intra-domain ISs while those which communicate either within or between sub-networks are called intra-domain ISs.

Augsburg College's physician assistant studies program is one of many Essay

Augsburg College's physician assistant studies program is one of many program nationally. What are some of the reasons you are applying to this program - Essay Example Among all physician assistant programs offered in Minnesota, I chose Augsburg College’s physician assistant program. I got to learn about this program while working as a volunteer at Abbott Northwestern Hospital as I interacted with various students in the physician assistant program during their clinical rotation. I undoubtedly consider Augsburg College’s physician assistant program the best among the three physician’s assistant programs offered by colleges in Minnesota. Augsburg College was the first to offer physician assistant program in Minnesota, which has a strong bearing on its reputation. The program as offered by Augsburg is well established and most members of the faculty practice in the medical setting. They are also committed to serving the community which is one of the main factors that has motivated my choice of the physician assistant program. The college’s faculties are up-to-date in that they all offer new skills and are committed to lifelong learning. The PANCE test score has proven the success of the Augsburg physician assistant program as it hit 93% nationwide for the first time taker. In addition to its great teaching strategy, Augsburg’s physician program is committed to serve already underserved community of urban and rural areas. Clinical rotations are done in both rural and urban areas which satisfy my desire to work in the rural setting. In conclusion, physician assistants play a very important role in health care teams. The principles that guide my choice of best school such as commitment to undeserved population, skillful teaching strategies, and lifelong learning are the same principles that guide the physician assistant program in Augsburg College (Keizer 3). This is an assurance that this program will give me an opportunity to learn, grow intellectually through lifelong learning and dedicate my work to under-served communities. Augsburg

Human resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human resource - Essay Example Introduction Like it or not, the majority of people in the workforce have all gone through the hiring process at some time in their lives. In fact, we go through the HR selection process at an organization every time we apply for a job and are fortunate to meet the selection criteria. However, this is only the beginning of the process as we find that there is still a long road ahead before we can be offered the job. The typical selection process can involve oral and written tests, psychological tests, a series of Interviews and even job simulation scenarios that test the ability of candidates in various ways before the final selection is made and the jobs are offered to the qualifying candidates. The HR Selection Process Unless you are fortunate enough to be the owner’s son or daughter or be related to the top management in a firm, you are likely to go through the same HR selection process as everyone else who applies for a job in that organization. The HR department is entrus ted with filling available positions in an organization with the staff needed to run them. The HR hiring plan is created as an outcome of a management review meeting in the beginning of the year, at which time performance is reviewed and growth plans are decided for the year, to accomplish which additional staff is required. Once the overall and departmental requirements have been budgeted, it is up to the Departmental Heads to liaise with the HR Department to decide the timing of hiring of staff. A hiring requisition is filled with the details desired for candidate profile, qualifications, job responsibilities, reporting line etc. After this HR can post the advertisement in the newspaper, magazines or online to get job applications. In case of high profile jobs requiring secrecy and confidentiality, recruitment agencies or headhunters can be employed. In the HR selection process they have to first weed out the candidates that meet the initial criteria in terms of profile, experienc e etc. Then they have to line up the selected candidates in terms of most promising and proceed to coordinate with the candidates and the departments concerned for initial tests, preliminary and in depth interviews, and whatever else they have developed in order to screen out the best candidates from the rest of the lot. In the case of hiring candidates as Management Trainees, often a one day Evaluation Session is conducted at an Assessment Center in which the candidates are made to take part in business games, job simulation scenarios and other decision making processes that tell about how the candidate is likely to react and whether he would make the right decisions under pressure. Sometimes candidates can be invited to spend a day with the department in which they can observe how things are done and how decisions are made. For the candidates that make it through, final interviews are conducted with top management after which a job offer can be made to selected candidates (Werther & Davis, 2005, p228). Importance of the Interview The interview is perhaps the most important part of the overall process of getting hired. That said, every part of the process is important. One has to get through the selection criteria and pass the written IQ tests that are normally conducted for job applicants. There may be a preliminary interview with HR or the Department Head, in which the profile and qualifications of the candidate are

In the current economic climate in Britain,the risks of starting up a Essay

In the current economic climate in Britain,the risks of starting up a new business outweight the benefits.DIscuss - Essay Example Another thing is about financing, the business may require continuous financing that may be unavailable. Finally, the management of a new business can either be a catalyst to failure or success. However, there a few benefits that have encouraged startups such as government policy and availability of raw materials. It is therefore apparent that the risks that a startup business faces in Britain are far much compared to the benefits. Firstly, the business is affected by factors within its control and reach. The management of an upcoming business can easily lead the company to failure due to many challenges that are experienced. They should have both long-term and short-term goals for the business and ensure they are implemented. A shaky management can contribute greatly to a business failure. The business owners have the capacity to find the best individuals to steer the business to success. Marketing strategy should be in place and should have a target market. A failure in this aspect will result to losses in the business hence closure. Financial management is also required when starting a new business; the available resources should be used maximally. Failure to do this will strain the business and if takes long before it breaks even, then there is a possibility of it closing down. Other aspects are outside the business control. These include regulations, market dynamics among other external factors. The demand for several products and services has continued to shift. Despite the increased and improved quality, new business, find it difficult to penetrate the market because the existing demand itself is below the supply. This is the reason why market survey is necessary before engaging in any business. Government regulations especially those developed in the process of establishment of a business can result to closure due to the requirements of conformity. Despite the risks that are associated with new

Metapopulation models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Metapopulation models - Essay Example It was first safeguarded in 1990, almost a century since the logging in their habitation began. The northern spotted owl acts like a fundament, a†core species†, a barometer for other forest dependent animals. Doak (1989) created another metapopulation method for the Northern spotted owl in which he managed to identify species from clustered territories. Yet, the model did not hold exact dimensional design and the two most important characteristics of spatial structure were missing. Doak (1989) believed that the survival and reproduction possibilities among the owls were independent both among their own population and within them. Such presumption of independent population forces could result in underestimation of the dangers of population drop. Doak (1989) also presumed that the dispersion rate between all populations was also equivalent. A very similar method was applied to populations for the Northern spotted owl by Thomas et al. (1990) in the territoy-clusted model and by Noon and McKelvey (1992) for California spotted owl. The natural unevenness of owl populations in the wild, combined with the unpredictability of population factors, turn probabilistic risk analysis with the use of stochastic devices into an irreplaceable tool for estimating the growth of animal population (Shaffer 1990; Ginzburg et al. 1990; Akcakaya 1992). The most important outcomes from Lande (1987) and Lamberson et al. (in press) are that the decay of satisfactory habitat together with the constantly deteriorating landscape with suitable environmental conditions for sustainable population growth will eventually lead to the extinction of these animals. In addition, unproven links between searching and finding mates leads us to believe that species can be somehow limited to a mating choice even if a suitable habitat is in presence. New evidence comes from a model of Lamberson et al (in press), where he shows a non-equilibrium nature of

Statistics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Statistics - Assignment Example Although, the banks are willing to provide the needed investments, it is the decision of the finance manager and the CEO to determine whether such type of activities really help to enhance the company’s performance. Importantly, from the analysis, it can be understood that the company would do well even if it postpones drawing money from the bank. The analysis utilizes various statistical tools to determine the normal probability distribution as well as find the various probabilities asked in the questions. Introduction If the organization having already achieved sizable success in a particular market or captured the majority market share there, they will venture into new markets. On the other hand, if the currently operating market becomes saturated with heavy competition, then also organizations step into newer markets. Whatever be the motivations, organizations could enter or expand into newer markets with a basic wish to grow further and beat off the competition. When the organization makes that move, apart from fully studying the entering market, it needs to study its strengths and weakness in its various operational sectors. On those lines, it needs to focus on its financial resources. If the organization has optimal financial resources, it can confidently invest while entering the newer markets. However, when it is deficient in its financial resources, it needs to generate or facilitate flow of funds from external sources like banks in the form of loans. Although, loans from banks can provide the needed impetus for the organization to enter the market, it has inherent risks. This is applicable to USASuperCars as well, as its decision to get loan from the HSBC bank could have risks. At the same time, USASuperCars could have a strong financial status, and also could have taken the finance based decision based on strong analysis. Thus, this report mainly emphasizes on the development of a suitable suggestion which would help USASuperCars to make fina ncial decisions based on statistical analysis. This report will use proper statistical methods in order to get a better understanding of the decisions that the company needs to undergo. Background Supercars are the term given to a fast  sports car, with stunning looks, optimal specifications and very expensive in nature. As Cheetham (6) stated, although there is no definitive answer, yet the term Supercars â€Å"is widely accepted by car enthusiasts to describe an exotic, powerful and expensive car that represents the ultimate performance, styling and pure unadulterated driving thrills.† Due to the elite nature, these cars are not mass produced by the organizations and have exclusive clientele. Considering this elite and exclusive nature of super cars, organizations manufacturing and selling these types of cars have to be very specific and clear cut in the decision they make not only in the internal functioning but also in the strategies, they come up in the external enviro nment. â€Å"Supercars are showcases of a manufacturer's technological ability in design and in performance. They are cost-no-object exercises, built in editions often limited to the marketing department's ability to sell.† (Martin 7). Considering these perspective, the USASuperCars Company is planning to sell minimum number of its cars in four different countries. The company is

Culturally Responsive Teaching in American Education Research Paper

Culturally Responsive Teaching in American Education - Research Paper Example Culturally responsive teaching is particularly important in the case of the USA. People from different backgrounds characterize the USA. Therefore, the students in a particular state experience a different culture from the student from a different state. The education in the different states is based on the culture of the region. The society in the USA is multi-racial with the intrusion of people from different countries. (Culture, n.d.). The presence of different races in society with their different backgrounds and culture has led to the importance of the culturally responsive teaching in the USA. The paper will deal with the importance of the culturally responsive teaching in the context of the USA. The modern world has been characterized by the globalization of the economy. The countries have come closer with the closeness in the economy and it is common nowadays to experience society as a multi-cultured one. People from a country moves to the other countries to integrate into the society. The people from the other countries bring some distinctive cultural traits with them, which become part of the society. The USA has become one of the most developed economies of the world. The development of the economy in the country attracted people across the world. They went to the USA to be part of the development and make them economically stable. The economy of USA offered an opportunity for all people in the world. The society of the USA has grown to become one of the most multicultural societies in the world with the influx of people from all over the world. The population of USA consists of people from different ethnic backgrounds. The Native Americans and the Alaskans are perhaps the oldest community in the country. Blacks are the descendants of the people from Africa. Many of the Blacks in the modern days came to the country in the days of slavery and the openness of the society and the economic development of the country convinced them to stay in the USA. The Black population in the country is projected to rise in the coming years.

W4-Policy, Team, and Information Technology Differences Essay

W4-Policy, Team, and Information Technology Differences - Essay Example As the paper stresses information systems are used as a means to automate much of an organization’s information needs and provide a means to automate most of the repetitive tasks that are required to be performed by the organization. Consider a modern organization such as an airline company, whose entire operations are managed through information systems and is used by every individual department and employee for performing their respective tasks. The sales department ensures that individual and corporate customers can check the various flight offers provided by the company and be able to book their flights in the easiest manner, which is often done online. According to the research findings the ground staff is aware of the baggage needs depending on the information stored in the system. also, the finance department analyzes the performance of the company by using the same information, albeit with a few modifications and analyses as required. The IT department of the company further ensures the smooth operation of the data needs of the various departments of the airline company and manages all requests from them for enhancements and issues. in this era of airline alliances and code sharing, companies have extended their information systems to communicate with one another so as to allow the customer to travel in a hassle free manner. The smooth performance of such complex systems that transcend across several departmental and organizational boundaries is an extremely complex scenario that requires a structured approach at all levels of operation within companies.

Mills Utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

Mills Utilitarianism Essay In the beginning of Utilitarianism John Stuart Mill states that throughout history very little progress has been made towards developing a set of moral standards to judge what is morally right or wrong. Although a certain disagreement about such foundations can also be found in the most â€Å"certain† sciences, in those areas truths can still have meaning without understanding the principles underlying them. On the other hand, in philosophy, where all actions exist to proceed towards a particular end, statements unfounded upon a general principle have very little validity. Therefore Mill says that in order to know what morality dictates, it is necessary to know by what standard human actions should be judged. He rejects the idea of a moral instinct inherent in human mind, which supplies us with this ability to judge. Even if such a sense would exist, it wouldn’t show us whether something is right or wrong in a particular matter. Instead, Mill assumes that right and wrong are questions of experience and he tries to show that the principle of utility or â€Å"the greatest happiness principle† is the foundation of this distinction. In Chapter two, Mill tries to reply to some common misconceptions about utilitarianism. He claims that many people mistake utility as the rejection of pleasures, whereas in reality, it is pleasure itself, promoting happiness. He thus defines utilitarianism as the creed which â€Å"holds that actions are right in the proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness†. Accordingly pleasure and absence of pain are the only goals that are inherently good and desirable in themselves. Every other action or experience is only insofar good as it promotes pleasure. However, it is wrong to assume people should only do what makes them personally happy. Instead the standard of judging an act is the happiness of all people. Therefore people shouldn’t distinguish between their own happiness and the happiness of others. The motives underlying a certain act are of no importance in utilitarianism. Instead only the results of our conduct, or more specifically the impact on the general happiness, are to consider. In continuing, Mill states that some pleasures are more valuable than others, so not only the quantity but also the quality of pleasures resulting from a certain act determines its moral rightness. We can experience this difference in quality when we give one pleasure a clear preference over another, although it comes along with a greater amount of discomfort, and would not dismiss it for any quantity of the other pleasure. Mill claims that, given equal access to all kinds of pleasures, every man or woman gives priority to those employing their higher faculties. Appropriately he writes that †it is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if the fool, or the pig, is of a different opinion, it is because they only know their own side of the question. Thus only people who have experienced both the higher and the lower pleasures are qualified to judge the quality of a pleasure. But by what extent are pleasures measurable or comparable? And what is it that makes a â€Å"higher† pleasure superior over a â€Å"lower†? Another criticism Mill responds to is that happiness can’t be the goal of human actions, since it’s unattainable. Moreover, detractors of the utilitarian moral state that a life without happiness is quite possible, and all noble beings have become virtuous by renunciation. Mill objects that if happiness is defined as moments of rapture, â€Å"in an existence made up of few and transitory pains† and not as a â€Å"continuity of highly pleasurable excitement† happiness is quite attainable. The only reason why mankind is not yet in this condition of happiness is because our education and our social arrangements are inadequate. Concerning the objection that virtuous men renounced happiness Mill asserts that those noble men acted as martyrs, sacrificing their own happiness in order to increase the happiness of other people. However, such a sacrifice is not in itself an act of good but only insofar as it helps others. Mill presents a couple of other misapprehensions of utilitarian ethics, which he says are obviously wrong but which many people nevertheless believe. First, utilitarianism is often accused to be godless, because its foundation is human happiness, and not the will of god. But if we assume that god desires in the first instance the happiness of his creatures, then utilitarianism is more profoundly religious than any other doctrine. Another objection holds that there is not enough time to outweigh the effects on the general happiness prior to every action taken. Mill replies that such a claim also implies that if our conduct is guided by Christianity we’d have to read the Old and New Testament every time before we act. Obviously this is not possible. Instead he asserts that we had the entire duration of human existence to learn by experience which actions lead to certain results. The last critique Mill responds to is that utilitarianism legitimates immoral tendencies by justifying the break of rules by referring to an increase of utility. He replies that this problem can not only be found in utilitarianism but also in every other creed. Does this argument really dispel misconceptions about utilitarianism? In the beginning of chapter three Mill asserts that every moral philosophy needs some source of obligation in order to be binding. Regarding utilitarianism this binding force consists of internal and external sanctions. External sanctions include â€Å"the hope of favour and the fear of displeasure from our fellow creatures or from the Ruler of the Universe†. Internal sanctions on the other hand, are feelings in our own conscience and create a pain if we violate duty. This second type of sanction is considered to be more powerful. Thus to provide a force which is binding enough to influence people’s conduct, utilitarianism needs to appeal to people’s inner sentiment. Mill claims that in fact every moral sentiment could be cultivated, no matter how bad it is. However such â€Å"artificial† feelings, will eventually crumble when they are analyzed thoroughly. The utilitarian morality on the other hand, emerges as a particularly strong foundation because it’s consistent with the social nature of human sentiments: every one of us has an innate â€Å"desire to be in unity with our fellow creatures†. Mill finally emphasizes that this natural sentiment needs to be nourished through education and law. [ 1 ]. John Stuart, Mill, Utilitarianism, ed. Mary Waldrep (Mineola: Dover Publications, Inc. , 2007), 1. [ 2 ]. Mill, 6. [ 3 ]. Mill, 8. [ 4 ]. Mill, 11. [ 5 ]. Mill, 11. [ 6 ]. Mill, 24. [ 7 ]. Mill, 27.

Perception of the Elderly in Modern Society

Perception of the Elderly in Modern Society Aging is the normal process of time-related change which begins with birth and continues until death. These changes include how a person feels and functions with respect to physical or mental competences. It is important for individuals to increase their knowledge and understanding of aging so as to prevent ageist behaviours, discrimination and maltreatment of the elders in our societies today. The public’s perception of older adults is very unpleasant and can implant fear into individuals who are approaching the retirement age. This pessimistic view of being old not only makes younger peoples evolution into older age one of misery, but this despondency is mentally projected out towards the elders of our society (HubPages, 2012). This essay therefore, examines the factors that may perhaps be accountable for the perception of the elderly in societies today, theoretical perspective, effects of ageism on the elderly and suggestions that can change society’s negative perspe ctive toward aging and to promote positive images. Constantly babies are being born around the world, as well as persons moving into retirement. According to Michelle Barnhart, Researcher, Oregon State University, on a day to day basis approximately 10,000 individuals in the United States turns 65 years old and this is an indication that it is time for them to retire. Most developed countries have generally accepted the chronological age of 65 years as the definition of an ‘older person’ (WHO, 2009). Apart from chronological age, an individual’s age can be determined by examining biological, psychological and socio-cultural processes (Cohen, 2002). The elderly population seems to be increasing significantly, due to the fact that more and more people are attaining the retirement age (65 years) and are living longer. In societies today the elderly is seen as less valuable since their individualism, self-reliance, and independence would have been altered. This is due to the fact that with the aging process there is a possibility that one may experience some form of health complications or chronic disease, as a result of the physical changes taking place in the body. Elders are frequently faced with stereotyping where individuals repeatedly perpetuate bogus information and negative images and characteristics concerning them. Some elderly are perceived in a positive light from time to time because they are actively involved in the community, loyal, sociable, and warm. Nonetheless the negative perceptions are more dominant, for instance; older people are often stereotyped as being unhealthy or always sick, decreased psychological functioning, unappealing, sexless, negative personality traits, miserable, lonesome and excluded from society. Stereotypes may be as a result of an individual’s negat ive personal experience, myths shared throughout the ages, and a general lack of current information. Older adults are labeled with negative statements such as; wrinkled, cranky, crotchety, inattentive, forgetful, fragile, feeble, stuck in the past, past their prime, or a burden on society. There are a lot of factors that may be responsible for the modern day perception of the elderly. An individual’s age, gender, level of knowledge, interaction with old adults and how frequent, cultural influences, modernization and the media are all factors that may influence how the elderly is perceived by members of society. Additionally, there are a lot of misconceptions about older adults since most people are not knowledgeable about aging. These misconceptions include: most older adults cannot live independently, chronologic age determines oldness, most elderly persons have diminished intellectual capacity or are senile, all older people are content and serene, all older persons are resistant to change and older adults cannot be productive or active. The functionalist theory looked at how the different parts of society work together in order for it to function smoothly. With respect to the elderly, functionalists believe that the elders are one of society’s fundamental groups. However, the disengagement theory states that withdrawal from society is a normal behaviour portrayed by the aging individual. This is so because the elderly experiences a reduction in both their physical and mental level of functioning, hence they expects at some point in time they will die, resulting in withdrawal from individuals and society (Cummings and Henry 1961). Additionally, theactivity theory seeks to explain that activity levels and social involvement are key aspects in replacing what was lost and went on further to say it is the key to happiness (Havinghurst 1961; Neugarten 1964; Havinghurst, Neugarten, and Tobin 1968). To expound, it is said that the happiness of an elderly depends on how active and involved he or she is, the more activ e, the happier they will be. Lastly, thecontinuity theory explains that the elderly who remain active and involved during their elder years do so by making particular choices in order to preserve stability internally and externally. This is an attempt to maintain social equilibrium and stability by making future decisions on the basis of already developed social roles (Atchley 1971; Atchley 1989). Conflict theorists’ stated that society is essentially unstable in view of the fact that it shows favour to the more powerful and wealthy individuals while marginalizing everyone else. There is always a competition for power and limited resources among social groups; hence the elderly population struggles with other groups resulting in conflicts. Conflicts are evident in Trinidad and Tobago with respect to the senior citizens pension; at age 65 all individuals qualify for the $3,000.00 pension, while on the other hand those who are entitled to a National Insurance Pensions qualifies for a smaller percentage of the senior citizens pension. The Modernization theorydeveloped by Sociologists Donald Cowgill and Lowell Holmes proposes that industrialization and modernization are the main reason why the elderly looses power and influence in society (Cowgill and Holmes 1972). Sociologist Donald Cowgill’s states in his theory that there is a relationship between ageing and modernization; older men and women in less technologically advanced societies tend to yield more economic and social power than those in more industrialized countries (Cowgill 1986). Prior to industrialization, it was seen where the younger generation cared for the elderly in their society due to the strong social bound they had. Nowadays, it is evident that in various households the number of family members is under five (5); extended families are replaced by nuclear families. Individualism have become a characteristic of our civilization despite the traditionally collectivist nature of some cultures because of changes associated with all modern soci eties. In an individualistic industrial society, caring for an elderly relative is seen as a voluntary obligation that may be ignored without fear of social censure (Openstax College, 2012). However, research shows that even though modernization and industrialization lead to socio-cultural changes, the importance of family and respecting and valuing the elderly in certain cultures may be limited but still remains a priority. David Hackett Fischer (1977), an American historian, like modernization theorists he also believes that the status of older people has declined over time. However, he further stated that, before modernization and industrialization could take place in the United States the decline in the elderly being powerful had already began. According to the Encyclopedia of Aging (2002), Fischer further argued that between 1800’s and 1900’s the cultural transformation took place when citizens became interested in the principles of independence and egalitarianism. These behaviours were influenced mainly by the standards of the French Revolution. These new cultural values are accountable for the lower statuses of elders in the US and by extension Western societies today. For this reason, our elderly are no longer treated with the respect compared to log ago and this is where ageism is seen and ageist behaviours being demonstrated towards the older individuals in society. Ageism generates unnecessary fear, waste, illness, and misery (Palmore, 2004); hence it has an impact on both society and culture, even though most individuals are not aware of it. Ageism and ageist attitudes is one of the factors that can contribute to elder abuse by creating a fertile environment in which the abuse can develop, leading to age discrimination, and devaluing and disempowering older people. The elderly themselves feels less valuable to society because of society’s perception of them. The youth centric culture in which we live describes us as lacking compassion for the elderly, the affinity to â€Å"shoot† our weak and wounded, us versus them mentally and the impression that ones value is based on what one can add to society (Holman, 2010). In Western culture, more so the United States, they are obsessed with the youths of their country. On the other hand, other cultures will respect and even worship older individuals for their wisdom. Tan et al. (2004) ar gued that a sample of younger people in China held more positive attitudes towards all categories of older people when compared with findings from studies in the US, Singapore and Trinidad. In general, society considers the children to be the future generation and they are worth fighting for. However, they will think twice when it comes to fighting for the elderly because in their view they have already lived their lives and are no longer as valuable to society. The role of the media in supporting ageism is that it mostly celebrates and encourages the younger individuals, which perpetuates ageist images and stereotypes. Children are more susceptible to the penalty of negative media images and introduction to stereotypical portrayals of the elderly can alter their views of the actuality of aging and the elders in our society. This would definitely affect the way the youth intermingle with the elders. Television, print media (books, newspapers, magazines, and advertisements) are all considered a major and insidious cause of influence on the public’s perceptions of older people and ageing. In the media the elderly often represents and portray the roles of older characters, which reflect ageing stereotypes. Television especially, plays a momentous role in influential public outlook on the elderly, and it is often held responsible for bringing about negative stereotypes of ageing. Television characters can both deliberately and automatically create standards of social comparison and role models for viewers (Kessler et al. 2004). Aging is often associated with balding, graying or thinning hair, and wrinkling of the skin. The media in trying to sell their product or service often reflect ageism by depicting the physical changes and unattractiveness of the elderly resulting in older people being stereotyped as ugly. Physical appearance, mainly facial features do play an important role when it comes to defining a person as old. However, the youths tend to find it hard in accepting that these changes must take place with the aging process. The television is viewed by almost everyone in society and it is a fact that older people are often underrepresented. It is concluded that the media is a relevant approach for showcasing stereotypes of how older people and how ageing is portrayed. In Trinidad and Tobago the Government have tried implementing support systems for its elderly population such as senior citizens pension ($3,000.00 monthly), which increases with the change in Government. Additionally, public assistance and disability grants are available to not only the elderly but all those in need. The elderly who have not yet reached the age of 65 to qualify for the pension and is at a disadvantage due to illness or complications caused by the aging process can benefit from these grants. Also, bus passes are available to all senior citizens (age 65 and above) where the elderly can travel for free on board any Public Transportation Service Corporation (PTSC) Buses throughout Trinidad and Tobago. Added to this, they are entitled to travel for free on the Port Authority Inter Island Ferry Service. From my observation, most of the elderly population do welcome the initiative and take advantage of these services offered to them. However, a few of them refuse to accept the bus pass and free boat ride as they see it as a form stereotyping. I do understand their point of view as to why they prefer to have their age kept a secret; this is due to the society in which we live where the elderly often faces ageism and ageist behaviours from the younger citizens. In light this; it is my opinion that not enough is being done to ensure that the senior citizen population has a bright and enjoyable future. The perceptions the public hold of older people can impact on the elderly in employment, education, health services, and the overall treatment of older adults. These perceptions are determined and influenced by many different factors such as: modernization and industrialization of society; age; gender; lack of knowledge and misconceptions, as well as the media. It is seen that perceptions of the elderly can impact their lives positively but mostly negatively. On the positive side, the access to social and employment opportunities, as well as access to health services is evident. On the other hand, negatively it resulted in stereotypical behaviours and ageism, which further lead to social exclusion and isolation of the elderly, as well as elder abuse. It is also evident that ageism can definitely lead to marginalization and degradation of the elderly in our societies today. The World Health Organization states that with the growth of the elderly population there is an increase in many new social, political, and economic challenges (WHO 2002). I believe that the government must intervene and develop strategies and implement policies or laws to ensure that older people are treated fairly and with respect. For example, there is a family obligation towards the care of older people enshrined in law in China with punishments for adult children who fail to support a dependent parent, Tan et al. (2004). This will guarantee that the elders can and do live a better quality of life because at the end of the day they would have contributed to the society in which we now live. I recommend that groups or campaigns be set up so as to ensure the elders in our societies are valued and respected by providing, caring and protecting them from ageism and elder abuse. This will further promote how the elderly have contributed to society and developed new initiatives in which they can add more valuable contributions to society. In these groups ageing educational programmes should be implemented and geared towards all age groups of society, more so to those groups that portray negative attitudes towards older people, for example; the youths and men. These programmes should also branch over to schools in our society, both primary and secondary so as to target children and adolescents with respect to ageism seeing that it is not innate but is developed over time. Additionally, education programmes could also be implemented in the community; for example health centers, community centers, and youth groups to specifically target those areas where the general public’s attitudes towards ageing and older people are most negative including attitudes towards older people’s health, body image, sexuality, mental ability, personality and social involvement. The first step is education to address their lack of knowledge and then to bring about awareness of the elders contribution to society so as to ensure they are well respected and accepted by members of society. These community educational programmes should consist of some older people so as to ensure elders feels valued and acknowledged rather than isolated or socially excluded. Involvement in these community activities will also allow for enhancement of their quality of life. Contact with these elderly people would definitely address all the misconceptions and stereotypes and establish successful to improve the perceptions of older people and ageing. REFERENCES Atchley, R.C. (1971). Retirement and Leisure Participation: Continuity or Crisis?The Gerontologist11:13–17. Atchley, R.C. (1989). A Continuity Theory of Normal Aging.The Gerontologist29:183–190. Cohen, H.L. (2002). Developing media literacy skills to challenge television’s portrayal of older women. Educational Gerontology, 28, 599-620. Cowgill, D.O. and L.D. Holmes, eds. (1972).Aging and Modernization. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Cumming, E. and Henry, E. (1961).Growing Old.New York: Basic. Havinghurst, R., Neugarten, B., and Tobin, S. (1968). â€Å"Patterns of Aging.† Pp. 161–172 inMiddle Age and Aging, edited by B. Neugarten. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press Holman, K. (2010). 5 reasons why people devalue the elderly . Retrieved from http://alexschadenberg.blogspot.com/2010/05/5-reasons-why-people-devalue-elderly.html HubPages. (2012). We are the elderly of the future. Retrieved from http://seeker7.hubpages.com/hub/Caring-For-and-Supporting-Elderly-Parents Kessler, E.M., Rakoczy, K. Staudinger, U.M. (2004). The portrayal of older people in prime time television series: The match with gerontological evidence. Ageing Society, 24, 531-552. Openstax College. (2013). Theoretical perspectives on aging. Retrieved from http://cnx.org/content/m42973/latest/ Palmore, E. (2004). Research note: Ageism in Canada and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 19, 41-46. Street, Debra; Parham, Lori. Status of Older People: Modernization.Encyclopedia of Aging. 2002. Retrieved March 30, 2014 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3402200387.html Tan, P.P., Zhang, N.H. Fan, L. (2004) Students attitudes toward the elderly in the Peoples Republic of China. Educational Gerontology, 30(4), 305-314. World Health Organisation (WHO) (2009) Definition of an older or elderly person. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/index.html World Health Organization (WHO) (2002) Active ageing A policy framework. A contribution of the World Health Organization to the Second United Nations World Assembly on Ageing, Madrid, Spain, pp. 1–59. Retrieved from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2002/WHO_NMH_NPH_02.8.pdf 1

Louis Armstrong :: essays research papers fc

When most of us here the word leader we think of a superior being. A person that is totally unlike any other. There have been many leaders in the past centuries. One that I found most significant was Louis Armstrong. He was a great musician in so many ways. He patented his own style of music that became known and loved all over the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Louis Armstrong was born on August 4th 1901 in New Orleans, Louisiana to Mayanne and William Armstrong. Louis had many great accomplishments throughout his life. While doing what he loved he became a leader everyone loved and recognized. Louis had a hard and painful childhood. His father abandoned the family when Louis was just a little baby. Over the next five years Louis lived with his grandmother, Josephine Armstrong. At just the age of six Louis and three other boys form a vocal quartet and they would perform on the street corners for tips.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1922 at the age of 21 Louis moves to Chicago to play second cornet in the band of Joe Oliver. As Louis performs he is slowly being recognized for his music. Finally on April 5 1923 he recorded his first song at the Gennett Studios in Richmond, Indiana as a member of King Oliver’s Creole Jazz Band. In February of 1924 he marries Lil Hardin. She played the piano for the King Oliver’s Creole Jazz Band. In September 1924 he leaves King Oliver and moves to New York City to join the Fletcher Henderson Orchestra. He records a few songs with them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally on November 12th 1925 Louis makes his first recordings as a leader with his own group named the Hot Five. It is here were he created his own style of music called the Satchmo way. This musical style became very popular among the world’s population. On June 28 1928 he records one of the most famous jazz songs ever recorded called â€Å"West End Blue†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1947 he performs in Carnegie Hall with a small group and his big band. In 1948 he appears in the first International jazz festival. In 1954 he publishes his second auto biography called the Satchmo: My Life in New Orleans. In this biography he covers his life until 1922. One of his songs called â€Å"Hello Dolly† becomes number one hit. On July 6 1971 Louis passes away in his sleep at his home in Corona.

Justice In Orestes :: The Oresteia Equality Justice Essays

Justice in Orestes Aeschylus is primarily concerned with the nature of justice. In the trilogy The Oresteia, the Akhaians evolve from an older, more primitive autocratic form of justice, to a new concept of civil justice devised by Athena. He confronts the contrast between the old and new orders, the lives of the members of the House of Atreus, and the serious moral questions that Orestes' crime presents. The case against Orestes is strong. The son admits to striking down his mother, in violation of the sacred tenant of kinship. "But I came back, my years of exile weathered—killed the one who bore me, I won't deny it, killed her in revenge." (Eumenides lines 476-478) This shows that Orestes was fully aware of the act he was committing, that he willfully committed it, and that he must suffer for it. The bond between mother and child was broken when Orestes murdered Clytaemnestra. Marriage, arguably, is a tenant of Zeus and the Olympians. In the old order of things, family is by blood only. A husband and wife have no blood relation, yet the son is of the same blood as his parents. The Furies right to vengeance cannot be dismissed. Clytaemnestra is one who upheld the laws of the Furies. Agamemnon's murder of Iphegenia at Aulis was pure outrage. "Yes he had the heart to sacrifice his daughter , to bless the war†¦" (Agamemnon lines 222-223) Agamemnon killed his own blood relation in order to sail for Troy. This too, is a terrible crime, seemingly of the same weight as Orestes' act. Clytaemnestra believed she was justified in avenging her daughter, because her husband violated a sacred tenant of the old gods. "Here is Agamemnon, my husband made a corpse by this right hand—a masterpiece of justice. Done is done." (Agamemnon lines 1429-1431) This shows a clear morality behind Clytaemnestra's motives. She appears to have justification for her actions. The curse on the House of Atreus is fulfilled. In the last lines of Agamemnon the chorus foreshadows Orestes' return. Clytaemnestra responds by saying to her new husband, "We will set the house in order once for all." (Agamemnon lines 1708) The chorus's purpose for suggesting Orestes's return is to show that the house is not yet cleansed of the curse.. Like his mother, Orestes possesses what he believes to be a just motive for revenge. Unlike his mother, however, Orestes has reservations about killing. He does not wish to strike down his mother, but realises that he must. The defense of Orestes is rooted in the fact that Apollo ordered him to do so.

Gender in Society as portrayed in Mary Wollstonecrafts A Vindication o

In this essay I am going to show you how things like education, job and relationship between men and women have changed and things like support are still the same since Mary Wollstonecraft and D. H. Lawrence write about them. In the essay 'A Vindication of the Right of Woman' by Mary Wollstonecraft, the author urges women to reject their conventional image of weakness. Mary Wollstonecraft uses her style of diction to convince the reader of her ideas. D. H. Lawrence, in his essay, 'Give Her a Pattern' sketches some of the patterns imposed on women by men from eighteen to 21st century. Wollstonecraft and Lawrence, they both write about the positions of men and women in society in their respective times. Wollstonecraft writes in Victorian Age and Lawrence writes in late eighteenth, early ninetieth century. But if these two writers could rise from the dead and go to see a movie or watch a television show today, they would definitely see evidence that some of their ideas about society ha ve changed such as career options, while few others such as the idea of ?the woman behind man? have remained the same. According to Lawrence, women are trying to live up to men?s expectations of what a woman is. He writes that, the eternal secret ideal of men [is] the prostitute? (D. H. Lawrence 182). The author could see his thoughts reflected in the movie ?Pretty Woman?. In this film, he can see how a man treats a woman by buying her nice clothes and doing things for her all the time. But actually it?s not for her, it is for his own pleasure. This ?gifts? and actions satisfy his needs to be with a woman that is not going to fall in love with him. Lawrence can see all of his ideas about the modern man who doesn?t know what he wants a... ...he world. This show is all about how single women can be high in society without men. They have good jobs and a lot of money. There are lots of women like them in this modern society. If she watched that television show, she will realize that women are capable of living without men. Our generation has been changed in different ways, but there are still some things that do not change over time. Those things are the same as Wollstonecraft and Lawrence thoughts. Some of them like career options, which includes job and education have changed a lot more and probably will keep changing in the future, too. They are changing in good way and in a way woman can be proud and live equal to men. I believe that those things staying the same, such as what the men expect the woman to be and to produce the best ideal of her, may remain in this order many centuries after this one.

Print Media: an Early History

Print Media’s Early History Print media is constantly evolving. Back in 1690, stories in the newspaper required royal consent to be printed. Benjamin Harris who wrote a story of an affair about the King of France, was jailed for his words. It was this that sparked the protest against royal consent. The paper industry expanded. It eventually split in to two types of papers, federalist (for the crown) and anti-federalist (against the crown), these papers were constantly competing.In 1791, after the American revolution, free press was born. Allowing people to write what they think without risking jail, this saw the first African-American and Cherokee papers. As technology advanced, more and more papers could be produced at a time, with steam power, 4000 copies could be printed an hour, this was called mass newspapers. The Literacy rate was low in 1830, so the role of newspapers changed, it was now to support literacy and public education.Public Schools now taught people to read a nd understand the issues of politics, so they could make an informed vote, seeing as now everyone could vote, not just the rich. Thus began the Penny Press era, this involved, mass printing, which meant mass distribution. You could buy 100 papers for 67 cents, sell them for 1 cent a piece and turn a profit. With newspapers now everywhere, this meant mass education therefore mass literacy, and mass vote.Newspaper industries began to compete for profits, and advertising was a result of that, more ads meant more money for the newspaper companies. Advertisements were around for five major reasons; To sell products / services, to educate people about products, to reach a mass audience, for economic / business reasons, and to perform a social function. Advertisements were also very common in magazines. The idea for magazines came from Benjamin Franklin and his brother. Read also History QuizzesMagazines are different from newspapers because they specialize in certain areas, where as newspapers report on everything. A magazines focus was on a niche market. The number of magazines rose exponentially from 260 to 1800 between the years 1860 and 1900. There was better printing technology, lower prices and special mail rates. After the war there was a larger selection of topics, from golf to porn. People had much more leisure time. Print media has advanced and developed for hundreds of years, but it often keeps the same format, just look at news websites today.

Global Warming Debate Essay

Many  people think that our concern about carbon dioxide and global warming is a modern preoccupation driven by the attention of high-profile personalities, politicians and green activists. But Al Gore did not discover global warming. Nor did Tim Flannery, Peter Garrett, Greenpeace or Malcolm Turnbull. Scientific concern about global warming is not new. A single scientific paper, published more than three decades ago, can place the discussions about climate change into historical perspective. Tomorrow it will be 35 years since the leading science journal Nature published a review paper entitled â€Å"Man-made carbon dioxide and the ‘greenhouse’ effect†, by the eminent atmospheric scientist J. S. Sawyer, director of research at the United Kingdom Meteorological Office. In four pages, Sawyer summarised what was known about the role of carbon dioxide in enhancing the natural greenhouse effect leading to warming at the earth’s surface, and made a remarkable 28-year prediction of the warming expected to the end of the 20th century. His prediction can now be compared with what has been observed. We can also compare his review of the science in the early 1970s with that in the latest (2007) assessment from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. After summarising recent calculations of the likely impact of increasing carbon dioxide concentrations on global surface temperature, Sawyer concluded that the â€Å"increase of 25 per cent in carbon dioxide expected by the end of the century therefore corresponds to an increase of 0. degrees in world temperature – an amount somewhat greater than the climatic variations of recent centuries†. Examination of the global surface temperature over the latter part of the 20th century shows that in fact the temperature rose about 0. 5 degrees between the early 1970s and 2000. Considering that global temperatures had, if anything, been falling in the decades leading up to the early 1970s, Sawyer’s accurate prediction of the reversal of this trend, and of the magnitude of the subsequent warming, is perhaps the most remarkable long-range forecast ever made. Sawyer’s succinct summary of the climate change science understood at that time can be compared with the four volumes of the IPCC Fourth Assessment on Climate Change being released through 2007. The IPCC assessment involves more than 400 authors, about 2500 reviewers, and runs to several thousand pages with many thousands of references. Such a comparison shows that much has been done to address the concerns and uncertainties expressed by Sawyer at the time. He was concerned that the rudimentary understanding of cloud processes and other climate system feedback resulted in uncertainties regarding predictions of warming. At the time, climate models were in their infancy, but Sawyer saw them as the best way to examine this feedback and reduce the uncertainties in climate change predictions. Since then, models have improved substantially and now include many more processes in more detail than was possible in the early 1970s, and the various climate processes that may enhance or offset the effects of carbon dioxide have been studied in detail. Despite these advances, our best estimate of the warming to be expected from a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has changed little from Sawyer’s time. Our best estimate of the temperature increase that would result from a 25 per cent increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations is still around 0. 6 degrees. The scientific consensus of Sawyer’s time was very similar to the scientific consensus in 2007. Of course, better climate models and improved data and analyses have allowed the IPCC to discuss and even project possible changes in many other meteorological variables than could Sawyer, including extreme weather of various kinds as well as sea-level. The IPCC now also looks in detail at regional aspects of climate change – a subject not even considered by Sawyer. Perhaps the greatest difference, however, is the emphasis on the impacts of climate change. While the IPCC assessment devotes a volume to this subject, Sawyer could only conclude, after conceding that climate variations of only a fraction of a degree can have â€Å"considerable economic importance† that â€Å"although there may be no immediate cause for alarm about the consequences of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, there is certainly need for further study†. Perusal of the IPCC volume devoted to the impacts of climate change on natural and human systems leaves one feeling far less sanguine than Sawyer was 35 years ago. The anniversary of Sawyer’s paper reminds us that the understanding of the effects of carbon dioxide on the global climate was sufficiently advanced 35 years ago to allow an accurate 28-year prediction of warming. Despite claims to the contrary, our understanding of the greenhouse effect and global warming is not reliant on modern climate models and nor is it a modern preoccupation. Nor is it correct to claim that in the 1970s climate scientists were predicting global cooling – Sawyer’s paper accurately predicted exactly the opposite, based on the best science available. Other scientific papers around that time also drew attention to the warming expected from the anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gas emissions.

US Intelligence Community: From Past to Present Essay

The US Intelligence Community can be traced back to the yearss of the 1776 Revolution. The nation’s foremost spyhead. General George Washington used undercover agents to accurately nail the motions of the British Army during the Revolutionary War. The British Army besides employed undercover agents to place possible dissenters in the largely loyalist South. The Revolution besides produced the country’s foremost cryptographer. Dr. Benjamin Church. Dr. Church posed as a member of the Boston ‘school’ while supplying indispensable intelligence about Rebel activities to General Gage. the British commanding officer of Boston. After his assignment as head sawbones of the Continental Army. he continued to supply necessary information to the British. Dr. Church place was compromised after Samuel West deciphered a missive the former sent to the British. Dr. Church was sent into expatriate. What by and large struck me was the engagement of Benjamin Franklin in spy games. Franklin became the head of the country’s foremost formal intelligence-gathering bureau – the alleged ‘Committee of Secret Correspondence. ’ This bureau was formed in 1775 with the primary end of garnering information about sentiments towards the Revolutionary War in Europe. However. the bureau extended its authorization. It authorized its ‘employees’ to utilize necessary methods in ‘influencing support for the Revolution in Europe. ’ Franklin. through a secret dialogue. asked France to supply Gallic military personnels. France offered both its ground forces and naval forces to back up the American revolutionists. After the Revolution. the American Intelligence Community adopted an isolationist stance. The bureau became one of the primary organisations tasked to the edifice of a state. Espionage was viewed as a tool for defence – ne'er a public-service corporation for increasing colonial influence. As a consequence. the Gallic. Spanish. and British had small problem larning American activities. During the War of 1812. US governments were able to nail British motions in the continent ( and the purpose of firing Washington ) . However. no one knew how to utilize the procured information. American intelligence was awkward and supra-inefficient. The first major spring in the development of a sophisticated intelligence system came during the American Civil War. Both Union and the Confederacy used undercover agents non merely for information-gathering but besides for sabotage. Allan Pinkerton formed an intelligence community tasked to supplying war information to General McClelland. In the South. General Robert E. Lee relied on the alleged ‘Canadian Cabinet’ – a group of Southern leaders who directed espionage against the Union. Although both sides were able to develop efficient intelligence systems. many military commanding officers belittled the importance of intelligence in military runs. It was merely during American’s entry to the First World War that American military commanding officers began to see the existent advantages of an effectual intelligence community. This can be exhibited by the creative activity of the convoy system. American undercover agents in Europe sent critical information about the activities of U-boats in the Atlantic ( its motions. possible marks. and scheme ) . Based on the information. the President ordered the creative activity of a convoy system which could protect merchant ships traversing the Atlantic Ocean. After the First World War. the United States had a really efficient and effectual intelligence community.

Group Brand Audit Project Essay

Your group assignment is to pick a brand from the list of brands(attached) and conduct a thorough brand audit. Each group must study and analyze a different brand. Brands will be assigned on a â€Å"first come, first serve† basis. Post your group’s choice of brand and gp number on the â€Å"questions for Prof/TA† board so that everyone can see your group’s choice. This way, the other gps will know which brands are already taken on a first come first serve basis. Once your gp posts a Brand choice (that is not already taken)- it’s yours. The brand audit analysis will be based on information from public secondary sources, company web sites, as well as your own professional experiences and insights. Surveys or primary research are not required but can certainly be conducted and used as needed. The final Powerpoint report should be submitted using the assignment link on elearning. The length of the Brand Audit report should be approx. 30-40 ppt slides (not including any appendices or references). Typically a thorough audit requires 30-40 hours of work which divided among 6 or 7 gp members usually amounts to an average of about 5-6 hrs of work per student. The following format and guideline will help streamline the approach and the process. A tentative example is available for you to review on page 132 of the textbook. This Rolex example is only that†¦an example†¦just a very brief and concise example. I. Brand Inventory A current, comprehensive profile of how all products and services sold by a company are marketed and branded. Read Also: List of Exploratory Essay Topics This is mainly the supply-side view of the company and the brand. Should include (but not limited to): History of the brand Identification of all brand elements (logos, symbols, characters, packaging, slogans, trademarks). Brand architecture. Description of attributes of the product/idea/service. Profile of direct and indirect competitive brands (use points of parity and points of difference). Include market share and other relevant facts and figures. ‘Brand Architecture’ and ‘Hierarchy’ and ‘brand product matrix’ (where applicable). Pricing, profitability and market share of the brand. Distribution channels and policies. Supporting marketing communications/promotional programs. Brand personality as reflected by the brand elements and existing marketing mix. 1 II. Brand Exploratory This is usually the more challenging research and analytical component of this assignment. Actual consumer perceptions may or may not reflect those intended by the marketer. The Brand exploratory is aimed at understanding what consumers feel and think about the brand in order to identify sources of brand equity. Should include (but not limited to): Customer knowledge of the brand (include â€Å"Brand Mental Map†). Brand Associations: awareness, strength, favorability, consistency and uniqueness of brand associations. Main sources of Brand Equity (possible threats to Brand Equity) Customer-Based Brand Equity Pyramid (CBBE pyramid) Problem areas/inconsistencies of perception vs. market reality. The size, profile and buying behavior of the most important customer segments. The depth and breath of ‘Brand Awareness’. A perceptual map showing the brand and its main competitors along the most important brand attributes. III. Conclusion & Recommendations: Should include (but not limited to): SWOT analysis. A proposal for a ‘positioning’ statement. Recommendations concerning how to measure, build and manage additional Brand Equity. IV. Appendix: Supporting/additional Tables, Charts, Graphs, Figures, Photos, etc. V. References: List only the material that you actually refer to in the report. Choose from this list of Brands (most of them from Business Week’s 100 Best Global Brands) Post your gp’s choice on the â€Å"Ques for Prof/TA† board on a first come first serve basis.

CHANGE MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

CHANGE MANAGEMENT - Essay Example The organisation is undergoing change in the management structure in order to acquire better efficiency. The organisation was unable to reach the target population and was also incapable of reaching the desired target. Thus, a change has been proposed which can help to make significant differences in operational system. The objective of the essay is to describe the change procedure of Children and Young People Service by using different change management models and theories. Description of Change Process The change process of Children and Young People Service has occurred through three phases. The first phase involves understanding the reasons for restructuring in the organisation. In this phase, a proposal has been made and justification for change has been developed. In the second phase, management team has been developed and change management models have been selected. The management team evaluated the present operational structure and established new operational structure on the basis of proposed objectives. ... While changes occur to individuals’ jobs, and at times they disagree with the change, alteration is internal in nature and it occurs in the mind of individuals during the change process. Thus, it helps to deal with the sentiments of individuals throughout the change process (Bridges & Mitchell, 2012). A weakness of the model is that it cannot be considered as a substitute for other approaches for change management. Moreover, the model cannot be regarded as an independent model for change management (Bridges & Mitchell, 2012). Strengths and Weakness of ADKAR Model The key strength of this model is that it delivers valuable management specifications which directly deal with people related aspects of change. Besides, this model permits for concentrating on those functions which are useful for accomplishing the desired outcome (Hiatt, 2006). However, one significant weakness of this model is that it fails to differentiate between the roles of leadership and management; it simply i gnores the requirement of leadership and concentrates on managing the change (Hiatt, 2006). Identification and Description of Models used in Change Management ADKAR Model of Change in Planning In the change management of Children and Young People Service, it can be recognised that ADKAR model of change has been followed within the planning process. ADKAR model states that in order to plan any kind of change, at first, there is a need for generating the desire for change among the members of organisation. Without proper desire the organisational members will be unable to participate in the change process and the change will become a failure. Awareness

Case Google Is Changing Everything Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Case Google Is Changing Everything - Essay Example Here I will assess and analyze the main technology structure employed, a better revenue generation policy and enhanced extensive business structure of Google. Google is an intelligent search engine that offers its user a better facility regarding the web based search as well as a better promotion of related areas. As we search with the Google, then different related categories of the products and services appear on the right side of the main user interface. If we are searching for some food products then Google will intelligently offer a list of categories related to the desired or searched query. This is a great opportunity and facility that offers us to select and check products and services of the related categories. Google main advertisement pan is retrieved intelligently according to the user interest and desire. The intelligent search engine of the Google has the greater capability to assess the user interest and offer the related ads and promotions for the user easiness (Organicspam, 2007). I have tried lot of different options and observed that Google is offering a comprehensive way for presenting and showing the mostly matched re sults to the user interest and desire. If we talk about the spreadsheets the name of Microsoft’s Excel comes in mind. However Google is trying to redefine the basic concept of the Microsoft’s Excel spreadsheets. The main purpose of the Microsoft’s Excel spreadsheets is to arrange the data and organize in an appropriate way so that user can effectively handle and operate the data. However there are several limitations in the customary idea of the Microsoft’s Excel spreadsheets. For instance, Microsoft’s Excel spreadsheets are lacking in sharing of spreadsheet data to multiple users and clients (Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2005). In this regard the Google is going to redefine the customary practice of the spreadsheets and trying to integrate more enhanced and better features in these

American Political System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Political System - Essay Example The Affordable Care Act is said to help ensure that the citizens are in charge of their health care. The Act highlights a patient’s bill of right that states that every American is flexible, and stable in identifying the needs arising from their health. The Act though ignores the crucial issue of health care cost attainments. It is said to be an affordable act but the American patients have to incur a lot to attaining health insurance and cannot attain any treatment without having paid all premiums. Difficulties experienced in the application of Civil Rights in the South The civil rights Act was developed by Kennedy in 1875. Its main aims were to address the issues of discrimination based on color, sex, race, religion and origin, the application of the voters and their requirements and the freedom to access public facilities, work places and schools. Despite this, the bill was faced by a number of controversies that delayed its immediate applicability. But first, the fact that it did not include a number of vital provisions as stated by some of the civil rights leaders, which included terminating the discrimination experienced in private sectors, providing protection against brutality brought out by the police, and creating a department to enhance justice among all citizens disregard less of position or wealth, the bill failed to be passed. In addition, President Johnson said that the bill created a division and stimulated long-term differences in the political support between the North and South.

Developing tourism product in souq waqif Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Developing tourism product in souq waqif - Essay Example Such is the global scale of tourism that the WTO currently publishes annual tourism statistics for around 200 countries. Reflection of this dramatic growth in scale and scope, tourism’s global economic contribution has also become increasingly significant. c) Creation process: this process requires not only the existence or creation of infrastructures, facilities and services but also the development of specific activities or experiences. The result of the process can be seen as the tourism supply of a destination. d) The communication stage: once tourism supply is created, there will be functional and emotional benefits that can be communicated to markets and target audiences through the creation of an image and the correct positioning. The values provided by the product should also be communicated and promoted to stimulate consumption. After the four stages, there is the final stage which is the result stage. It is in this stage that the consumption of tourism products in a destination is done by the tourists or buyers of the product. It is important to note that tourist destinations contribute a lot of revenues to their respective owners. For this reason, it is imperative that all such destinations are guarded against barriers that would hinder the coming and subsequent staying of tourists. One such pace that needs urgent rethinking is the Souq Waqif which is an impressive tourist destination but is however faced with the problem of inadequate parking space. More and more tourists would like to visit this destination but the problem of parking space is a major hindrance to their coming. This paper therefore provides a comprehensive discussion on the techniques and procedures that can be adopted in this destination for it to be marketed as an impressive tourism product. Tourists always overcrowd Souq Waqif whci makes them feel uncomfortable and therefore they cannot

Scientific advances on Cloning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Scientific advances on Cloning - Research Paper Example The Scottish scientist Ian Wilmut of the Roslin Institute, along with his colleagues, announced on February 23, 1996 they had cloned a sheep by using a ground-technique. The method involved transplanting genetic matter from an adult sheep into a hollowed-out egg, an egg that had its nucleus removed. â€Å"The researchers fused the adult udder cell with an (egg) that was ready to be fertilized, but taken from a different sheep. The scientists had previously removed the nucleus from the (egg) using an electrical current to fuse it with the udder cell.† (Barnes, 2012). This sequence instigated cell division. The resulting embryo was then implanted into another sheep who acted as the surrogate-mother. The secret to this method’s success was making the nucleus of the donor’s udder cell â€Å"silent† so it would quit performing as it was originally intended and then reprogrammed it to act as an embryonic cell. That embryo would become Dolly; a sheep with three à ¢â‚¬Å"mothers† involved but only related biologically to the one that donated an udder cell. Consequently, Dolly is an exact genetic reproduction of the donor-cell sheep.Previous cloning experiments that used embryonic cells created a being that was the identical offspring of two parents instead of being an exact genetic duplicate of just one adult. Science successful copied a mammal from one parent for the first time. For nearly half a century, the system of relocating a nucleus from a somatic egg cell using nuclei from non-human embryonic cell continued. It was demonstrated that, in theory, up until the birth of Dolly that genetic material contained in somatic cells could maintain the potential to guide development of a healthy and fertile adult mammal. Scientists had thought once cellular differentiation materializes, this procedure would be reversible, able to change into another type of cell. However, until Dolly was born, the ability to do so was unproved. â€Å"The dem onstration that nuclei from cells derived from an adult animal could be reprogrammed, or that the full genetic complement of such a cell could be reactivated well into the chronological life of the cell, is what sets the results of this experiment apart from prior work† (Di Bernadino, 1997). From the mid-‘80’s scientists frequently cloned mammals, specifically cattle and sheep, from embryonic cells but the cloning of Dolly was the first time an animal developed to maturity by using a somatic cell nucleus from a single animal. This innovative method of cloning included three new developments: â€Å"

Sartre's Existentialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sartre's Existentialism - Essay Example This research will begin with the biography of Jean-Paul Sartre. He was a French existentialist philosopher and has laid down the foundation of literary and philosophical existentialism in 20th-century philosophy with the help of his works and doctrines. Every question for a man starts from the mere idea of his existence on this Earth; thus the question subsequently arises as to who it was that created a human being. Most people have branded this creator by the name of God. Philosophers like Kant and Descartes have been able to give the example of an artisan that creates a paper knife or a paper cutter and designs it for a specific purpose, in order to meet a specific goal of cutting paper and have copied the same analogy for the purpose of a human being. Thus, God is the creator that has made individuals that roam the planet Earth and they come with a specific purpose of meeting their personal goals and objectives. However, there are atheist existentialists that believe that man â⠂¬Ëœjust is’. They do not believe that man has to be created by someone by the name of God, and thus write that the human race just began existing. This can be compared to certain moral values within society that people follow; for example, it is nowhere written that people must not lie or cheat; people choose to not lie or cheat because it is the ‘good thing’ to do. Once again, however, it has nowhere been mentioned by anyone in particular as to what ‘is good’ and what is not.‘is good’ and what is not. According to Dostoevsky, â€Å"If God did not exist, everything would be permitted.† This very sentence is the starting point for most existentialists. This is because most people find in God an assuring power that helps them to survive each and every day. Even if God does not exist in reality, everything will still be permitted. Existentialists write that man is born free, with freedom however from the time that he is born, he attaches himself to a segment of God in order to provide himself with something to rely upon in times of need. A human being cannot find anything else to depend upon except a higher power which he vests within the name of God. Thus, he discovers that he is without excuse. Man is left alone and does not have the right to blame anybody else for his actions; this mere thought drives a man to the greatest depths of fear which forces him to believe in God. According to the text provided, an existentialist â€Å"thinks that every man, without any support or help whatever, is condemned at every instant to invent man.† Thus, the only thing that stops a man from doing everything that has been permitted is the idea of being ashamed and being answerable to his own self. Every man is able to take on a certain amount of responsibility in order to carry out actions that would help him to understand himself and achieve more in life. However, every ounce of responsibility comes equipped with a certain amount of anguish that most people are not able to fathom and thus disguise in order to not let other people know that they are suffering from it. However, anxiety is quite commonly associated with heavy responsibility and thus, man requires someone that he can provide an excuse with in case he is not able to carry out these actions to the best of his abilities in a desired manner. God is the driving force that led human beings to believe in ideas of heaven and hell, thus if the possibility of His very existence vanishes, with that, the possibility and idea of an aspect of intelligible heaven or hell also disappears. The death of God simply anguishes a human being and forces him to think of a plane where he exists without the help of any higher power or force. This very thought is perturbing to the mind of a man who has

US Policy on Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

US Policy on Immigration - Essay Example In March 2003, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) - a cabinet level federal agency created under the Homeland Security Act of 2002 and tasked to coordinate and implement internal security took over immigration duties from the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). Under the supervision of DHS, immigration enforcement is now under the Border and Security Directorship and immigration services under the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (National Immigration Forum, August 2003). The mandate given to Homeland Security to implement immigration policy was to enable the body to strictly enforce immigration rules with regards to the fact that Al Qaida operatives who undertook terrorist activities from 1993 until 2001 were able to enter the United States by exploiting the weaknesses in the immigration system (M. Krikorian, Spring 2004). The Department of Homeland Security is tasked to secure the borders of the country in order to prevent illegal entries of immigrants, and to this effect a record 4.5 million people have been apprehended and repatriated, out of which were 350,000 have criminal records according to the White House, at least since President George Bush took office (White House, November 28, 2005). The message being sent is that the United States "border must be open to trade and tourism and closed to criminals, drug dealers, and terrorists" (White House, November 28, 2005). ...ecretary of Homeland Security to enforce laws pertaining to security in conjunction with the issuance of visas of consulates and visas, powers that were vested before in the Secretary of State (National Immigration Forum, August 2003). Thus, the Homeland Security has personnel posted at American embassies and consulates all over the world.However, immigration policy which fell under the national security context had been countere d by parties which say that the current policy is harsh to immigrants who have traditionally bolstered the economic power and the democratic space of the United States. As a response, the Bush administration has made efforts to undertake reforms that would bolster national security concerns without undermining the rights of immigrants and making it difficult for those who are productive and law-abiding to become legal citizens of the United States. Border patrols and no-exception policy on repatriation of illegal entrants (most of those who come through Mexico) are coupled with proposals for a new Temporary Worker Program which will allow migrant worker to register for a definite period, after which they have to leave (White House, November 28, 2005). The temporary worker program has been advocated as a safer alternative than granting amnesty which the government believes would reward those who break the law.  

Creative Photography Essay Example for Free

Creative Photography Essay What are three examples of forms of music? One example of forms of music Describe each form. What is form in music? Critical Thinking Questions Music has sometimes been referred to as a universal language. Why has this description been applied to music? Emotions are a common feeling shared among human beings. Music communicates so many things that everyone can understand without having to speak a word . It communicates love, frustration, hatred, war, friendship, commerce, marriage, separation, unity, confusion. Music is referred to as a Universal language Do you agree or disagree with this assessment? Yes I agree Why? Music is universal it provokes the same feelings no matter what kind or style it is music cultivates everyone’s inner feelings. and thoughts Why is musical notation important? Musical nation is important What benefits do musicians and others receive from being able to write down and note aspects of a musical piece? In the first part of the module, we discussed how music is everywhere in society. What are some of the ways that we use music? How do you use music in your own life? Music can help influence the mood or feeling in a place by the way in which it is played. What is a specific example of this that you have experienced? Discuss the experience (what was the song? how was it played? how did the mood/feeling change? ). For example, you might discuss an experience at a concert, religious service, or another place where music played a part in creating the mood.

The Princess Bride Essay Example for Free

The Princess Bride Essay The movie, The Princess Bride, was depicted as a fairy tale that showcased romance, camaraderie, and adventure (Maltin). In some way, it also illustrated particular comedy scenes that were really enjoyed by the viewers. The movie started with the scene wherein the grandfather, played by Peter Falk, was narrating a story to his grandson, portrayed by Fred Savage. Throughout that scene, the former had really tried his best to get the interest of his grandson probably by making every chapter of the novel sound so grand. At first the grandson was kind of bored especially on the parts wherein the romantic scenes were being described by his grandfather (Berardinelli). The child had even declared that it would be more exciting and enjoying if he would rather played with video games than listen to what his grandfather was recounting to him. But when the child finally heard about giants, monsters, fighting, and other extraordinary events, the child had begun to pay more attention to the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the grandfather continued the story, the child had known about the love story of a peasant and princess, Westley and Princess Buttercup, played by Cary Elwes and Robin Wright respectively. The actors became very effective in portraying the roles of the protagonists of the story. It was like a damsel princess waiting for his knight in shining armor to save her and eventually became her lover or husband. While the main characters struggled to win their love story, other characters that either portrayed as villains or supports were also outstanding with regards to their acting performance (Maltin). One of the most notable and humorous scenes was when Inigo Montoya, played by Mandy Patinkin, and his comrades kidnapped the princess. And so the battle and fighting scenes were done.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Exhibiting so much action/adventure/fantasy with a very excellent inclusion of punch-lines and anecdotes, the viewers had really laughed to death, fell in love with the characters, got so annoyed with the villains, and a lot more (Johanson). But the end point was that the audience had really a great time watching the movie. The director had really done a great job. The cinematography was almost perfect with nice scenes, actors, sceneries as well as the background music. In addition, the movie was filled with unforgettable and brilliant lines and quotations. While some were the kinds of line which would truly move the viewer’s heart, or would create a big bang that would definitely made the viewer ponder on what the characters had said, some lines were also full of humor just like the line of Inigo, â€Å"My name is Inigo Montoya; you killed my father; prepare to die (Valentine).† Such were really archetypal.   All in all, the movie was outstanding that every viewer and critic of the movie would surely be astonished by the comical nature, fantasy-like plot, and action-romantic genre of the movie. Absolutely, The Princess Bride was sure to heighten every viewer’s sense of intrepidness and connect every watcher on equally comedic and dramatic level. It was merriment of affection, folk tales, and movie itself (Valentine). Also, with Reiner at the back of the wheel, the very old story contained by a story structure created marvels and surprises; during the movie’s supernatural magnificence, the viewer stayed alert that the heart of the film was really towards the relationship between the boy and his grandfather. Works Cited Berardinelli, James. â€Å"The Princess Bride.† 22 January 2008  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.reelviews.net/movies/p/princess_bride.html. Goldman, William. The Princess Bride: S. Morgensterns Classic Tale of True Love and High  Ã‚   Adventure. Harcourt, 2007. Johanson, Mary Ann. The Totally Geeky Guide to The Princess Bride. Lulu.com, 2000. Maltin, Leonard. Leonard Maltins 2008 Movie Guide. Signet, 2007. Valentine, Brandon. â€Å"Movie Review: The Princess Bride.†. 12 January 2007. Blogcritics. 22  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   January 2008 http://blogcritics.org/archives/2007/01/12/234247.php.

Principles of Musharakah and Mudarabah

Principles of Musharakah and Mudarabah Musharakah and Mudarabah written in the books of Islamic fiqh generally means contracts which are formed for starting a joint venture in which all partners participate in the business from starting till end when assets are liquidated. The books of Islamic fiqh were written in an environment when there were only small trades and no large scale businesses took place. The principles of Musharakah and Mudarabah can be applied to small as well as large scale commercial enterprises. The basic principles of Musharakah and Mudarabah are as follows: Musharakah and Mudarabah financing is not interest based Financier /investor must share loss to the extent of their investment Profit is distributed according to the agreed ratio with their mutual consent, but the sleeping partner cant claim more than the ratio of his investment Loss suffered by partner is exactly according to the proportion of his investment For financing a project, the traditional method of Musharakah and Mudarabah can be easily applied. If a Financier wants to finance the whole project, he can use Mudarabah financing and if some parties want to finance the project jointly, they can adopt Musharakah financing. It is very easy to evaluate the capital if the Musharakah or Mudarabah have been effected since inception of the project. In case of Musharakah if any partner wants to withdraw from the business, the other partners can purchase his share at an agreed ratio. The partner can thus either fully own the business on his own or can sell the share of the partner who withdrew his capital to other person who can substitute the withdrawing financier Securitization of Musharakah Musharakah financing can be securitised easily, in case of big projects a huge sum is required which a few people cant afford. Every person investing is given a Musharakah certificate which represents the amount of money he has invested in business. After the start of the business and buying non liquid assets, the certificates can be treated as negotiable instruments which can be sold in the secondary markets. However, if all the assets of Musharakah are in liquid form, buying and selling of these certificates is not allowed because as all the assets are in liquid form and exchange of such assets means exchanging money for money, and for exchanging money for money both must be equal. Access from any side is Riba, which is prohibited in Islam In case if the money invested is invested in non-liquid assets as land, machinery etc. the Musharakah certificate will represent the portion of ownership in those Assets. In this of assets being in non-liquid form, it will be allowed by the shariah to sell certificates in the secondary market on any price agreed upon by the parties with their mutual consent In case the assets in the business are a mixture of liquid and non-liquid assets most of the schools of thoughts including shafii have allowed trading only if the size of non-liquid assets in the whole business is more than 50%. However, if the Hanafi view is adopted, transaction if valid even if the non-liquid assets are less than 50% but the amount must be greater than liquid assets and non-liquid assets must not be negligible Financing of a single transaction The principles of Musharakah and Mudarabah can be easily used for financing a single transaction. It can be applied for fulling day to day needs of small traders as well as for import and export transactions. An importer can approach financier for financing him for importing goods for a single transaction. Banks can also finance for importing goods. If the letter of credit has no restrictions, Mudarabah can be followed and if the letter of credit has restrictions, Musharakah suits for such case. After selling the imported goods, the sales proceed can be shared by the financier and the imported on an agreed ratio When finance is required for working capital of a already running business, the principles of Musharakah can be applies in the following ways Before investing in the running business the capital of the business can be evaluated by the mutual consent. As according to Imam Malik, non-liquid assets can also form a part of capital so, this view can be applied here. The value of the already running business will be the share of one partner and the amount of investment by the financier will be his share. The profit given to the financier is agreed upon by both the parties which should not exceed the amount of his investment. The Musharakah can be for a limited period of time like 6 months, one year, two years, after the completion of the term both the liquid and non-liquid assets are evaluated again and profit may be distributed on the basis of evaluation Sharing of gross profit Financing by the method above can be very difficult in case the business is big and has large number of fixed assets, because the valuation of the assets, their appreciation or depreciation may create accounting problems which can cause disputes among partners. In this case Musharakah may be applied in another way In this scenario, difficulty arise due to calculation of indirect expenses like salary of staff, depreciation of machinery etc. For solving such problem only direct expense like raw material, labour, etc. Shall be borne by the Musharakah. It means all the indirect expenses shall be borne by the industrialist and instead of net profit, gross profit shall be shared among the partners. In order to compensate the industrialist, the percentage of his profit may be increased Running musharakah account on the basis of daily products Most of the financial institutions finance working capital by opening a running account from where the client draws the money at different intervals and returns surplus money. This process of credit and debit goes on and up to date of maturity. interest is calculated on the basis of daily products For making such arrangement possible for Musharakah Financing, following procedure may be suggested A portion of the actual profit must be used for management of the business A portion of the profit must be used for paying the investors Loss must be borne by the investor in the exact ratio of their investment in the business The average of the contribution made to the musharakah account on daily basis must be treated as the share capital of the financier Profit earned at the end of the term must be calculated on daily product basis, and must be distributed among the partners accordingly If parties allow such arrangement, it does not seem to violate any principles of Musharakah However, this needs to be looked into by the experts of Islamic jurisprudence. Practically, it means the parties have agreed to the principle that the profit earned at the end of the agreed time will be divided by the capital utilized per day. Which will lead to average of money earned on daily. The amount of money earned per day will then multiplied by the total number of days the money is invested by the partner for the calculation of his actual profit Some of the scholars do not allow this method as this method does not reflect the calculations of the actual profit earned by a partner of the Musharakah. The business may have earned a huge profit during the time a partner had no investment at all or share of his investment would be negligible but he will be paid at par with the other partners who had invested a huge sum of money. Similarly, the business may have suffered a great loss when a particular partner had invested huge amount of money and he will pass on loss to the other partners despite of their no investment during the loss or having invested negligible amount of money The answer to the argument is that it is not necessary for the partners in Musharakah that they earn profit on the amount of their investment only. Once the Musharakah takes place the profit earned by the business are earned by all the partners despite whether their money in invested in the business or not. This is generally true for the Hanafi school of thought,ÂÂ   which does not make it necessary for a Valid Musharakah that the money invested by the partners are together mixed up