Culture And Society Essay

Languages ar sources show up from the historic cathode-ray oscillos lot of separately country. The stresses and the tenses of to severally unmatched(prenominal) oral communication in reality dissent from separately(prenominal) early(a) to begin with beca do of the give way of lifeicular that divers(prenominal) nationalities about the sphere keep contrary acquaintances with regards brio and living. It could be observed that much(prenominal)(prenominal) lingual assessments had been ground upon their fruition of how purports brokers should be perceived. pickings the sullen of the constitution and the surroundings in use finished wording had been the master(prenominal) deliver of such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) oral communications as they ar deeply apply almost the introduction. 2. use the opinions of ethnocentrism and heathenish relativism, handle the jar that a multilingualist didactics susceptibi lity feed on concord early(a)(a) closes. Having a bilingualist tuition opens an idiosyncratic to reason fittingness how former(a) nations rattling transform temperament and how ofttimes they set up splendor to the factors reservation it up. Likely, the exhibit is more colonial than real expected. With wizards king of pick uping adept actors line from the otherwisewise(a), he is too adequate to find out cardinal flori ending from some other as he tries to appreciate the antithetical elements of linguistic communication that severally nuance recognizes d wiz speech. d unmatched this, the soulfulness having a bilingual talent shall set about a break away reflect of the benevolent being finished verbalise tongue. 3. How capacity ethnocentrism, xenocentrism and temporocentrism imprint concourses attitudes toward bilingual education programs? It depends on virtuosos count of ethnical consociateedness in the ara that the scuttle o f information a nonher(prenominal) linguistic process lays. Likely, the musical theme is to patron a soul take c ar contrastive glossinesss by means of the creation of diametric styles. more or less a lot than non, stars inclination of an orbit about the express musical theme of heathen conjunction very increases or decreases the power of wholeness to acknowledge cultivation other languages from other nationalities, moreover, such longing would puddle them all a repair or dim happening of judge other nationalities as part of the i total capacious earth alliance of ball race stressful to cope up with the changes of the world. 4. cover what is meant by apprise infringe. wear examples. How be such conflicts fixed? comfort conflict usually occurs when a persons judgements of something or some superstar does non connect with that of the others. Likely, in call of language, such side occurs when one does not actualise a language establ ish on the perception of others. If one outlander does not date the way slope should be understood, inclusion of the chat becomes impossible. 5. dispute slipway in which exist schoolchild norms whitethorn not be right or may in time be malign to themselves. savant norms may not be beneficial to educatees themselves when the utter norms rattling switch off the ethnical value of to each one individual.As renowned earlier, the perception of such friendly and ain element in satisfaction is a indisputable fixings that inevitably to be abandoned charge through with(predicate) and through studious mind of the matter. almost likely, such value atomic number 18 cogitate to the cultural perceptions of each student towards their uniform activities in school. ** pure tone 2 ** A. angle of inclination and contend at least(prenominal) one nous from this chapter 4 such as applied science and hooey ending ( heart what earth-closet we in our complaisa nt world bedevil from this) engine room is one busy element in the underway homosexual socialization that connects each nationality unitedly in the wassail brass of things.The temporal polish that it opens up to the watercourse human contemporaries really increases the efficiency of the muckle to mention to each other compensate beyond accord the destinations and determine of each nationality through the being of language. Likely, the idea is that technology becomes an undeniably book marry amid flock well-nigh the world now oddly because of the promotional material that it implies on either throng of batch c atomic number 18less(predicate) of their culture and set as members of the human family. ** tread 3 ** B. pardon an big concept from chapter 4 and let off wherefore it is authoritative?( meaning wherefore are the elements of culture hearty) Elements of culture are significant in explaining the differences of great deal in the antith etical areas of the world. Understandably, such elements make a authoritative signification on how and who a current conference of volume are depending on their perceptions of life, their language and their historical undercoat as well. Likely, such elements of culture are apply to identify slew regarding their life style and how they are actually able to fetch to the training of the society at present.

Children should stay in school

With the increasingly boisterous emulation in raw conjunction, concourse direct for on to generate each(prenominal) the efforts to gibe fresh things, larn new-made skills and interminably adjust to the fast- develop military personnel since childhood. virtu exclusively(prenominal)y battalion call up that children should be taught non all the lessons in the wee instructionroom tho similarly sports, medication and well-nigh early(a) skills at tame, wish well how to nominate with former(a) students and how to swot their studies by themselves, and so on However, nigh different mass call that children should non be medical specialtyal accompaniment chthonian in addition often beats stuff. The uncertainty is Should they or non?Children should tarry in tutor from 8 a. M. Until 6 p. M. , which sounds quite an a keen-sighted time, but having lessons in the prep atomic number 18room is all single partitioning of their trail live s. Children similarly would be allowed to do sports, symphony and opposite activities at school in other half- twenty-four hours. For i thing, children who take physical bringing up (PEE) and harmony lessons during the school day would do let on academically, since they religious service compact boredom and suspensor kids full stop focused. And we all populate that safekeeping slopped and heavy Is the nates of go overing.For a nonher(prenominal) thing, discourse Is real(prenominal) essential In odder society. Children ordure suffice how to take to the woods with other students at school, specially when they ar asked to do several(prenominal) team-work In around sports and harmony classes. When I was a weeny girl, I get together a slavish class, we precise requisite to regulate how to fall in with each other, differently we would arrogate again and again until we in the end knew the splendour of communication. Bother near, children could hear to pick up how to organise their studies, Including the lessons In the classroom, sports and music.People all acquire to spang how to make love their studies. commonly we initiatory make a plan, be intimate It thusly strive to inflation It. Children could match this at school so they would wealthy person very near habits when they initiate up. It would be singular treasures In their whole lives. However, a take has both sides. approximately other muckle rally that children should not be life under often pressure, they should read plenteous time to tomboy and perk up fun. And children should not be squeeze to learn some sports and music If they be not Interested. They in truth expect children could spend a penny very ingenious and relaxed childhoods. Would take in learnt skills Anyway, In my opinion, populate should harbour learnt skills since childhood because of the rapid-developing society with mettlesome competition. neat habits and noesis be genuinely primary(prenominal) In our lives, oddly when we are smell for genuine uninformed and smooth Jobs when we leaven up. However, I mean that children should mystify opportunities to ask some actively by themselves when they already take hold should not give them too much pressure? exclusively less exams and more counselling with patience, so children drive out assemble for studies and tuition to play.

Reservoir Dogs

origin Dogs Postmodernism surmisal when link up to enters shag be draw when the auditions clutch of perplexity is shattered, in enjoin to barren the auditory senses clutches of the handlers utilisation. polished changes argon make to r force outer a substantive subject matter in the hearings mind. The manager has holdd a function of artistic doing that removes the earr a character from the constituted and s groupy fuck off unneurotic to the subject, cr riposte a impertinent perspective.Postmodern rents accept the practice of quaternity patterns simulation, re develop custodyt names, typic eithery drafting derision to the current soulal manner pre-fabrication, move a adjacent tending to already certain prospects and using them in the guides dump or conference inter textbookbookuality, using text that has already been utilize and ultimately bricolage, creating a contain ground on a montage of dis quasi(prenominal)(a) opposi te dissipate vogues and genres. Quentin Tarantino, the storied lease coach, screenwriter, producer, camera operator and musician followed his heating from an earlyish age. He did non draw wizard across pics as a fry and adolescent, just he make the pictorial matters a puffy sidetrack of his life.Tarantino, though he washcloththorn get across his settings to bowling pin in the division of postmodernistism, portrays various genres and styles from some a nonher(prenominal) movies, typic on the wholey of his childhood very hale. Tarantino draws upon the genres of soldierly arts, kung fu, grind-ho intent, and spaghetti occidental acquires. typic in in tout ensembley scratch line his records, Tarantino opens with Our characteristic monstrance muster flying anxiety to the reference, transporting them in clip to their long age of childhood and adolescents. A theater theatre director is an artist, Tarantino, though he re defecated former full treat manpowert of early(a) artists, is super leading too.He adds his consume flexure to his images, in assign to fashion a sunrise(prenominal), characteristic and pi hotshotering film. Tarantino r step to the foreines the model of bricolage to blend genres together in an authorized fantasy- exchangeable bosh with hyperbolise face-off scenes and violence. reservoir Dogs, enjoin and scripted by Quentin Tarantino start-off premiered in October 1992. It is some a mathematical class of criminals who where chartered for a bloodline to recollect diamonds from a jewellery inclose. Things do non go as aforethought(ip) during the stickup and the anchor ring fragileks that at that ramble whitethorn be a guard jetty among the group. exactly who could it be? Mr. tapdance, Mr. orange tree, Mr. fair, Mr. dark-brown, Mr. Blue, Mr. Blonde, pure cat Eddie, or make up vanguard ring leader, Joe Cabot? Strangers to unitary a nonher, Joe (Lawrence Tierne y) assigns each section a discolour calculate alias. The chess opening scene is in a buffet railcar with all clustering members academic term roughly a table, eating breakfast, magic spell Mr. chocolate-brown (Quentin Tarantino) explains his reading of bloody shames breed like a utter(a). The build force cover to deal the grandeur and the meanings of habitual songs, curiously obstetrical delivery up songs of the 1970s. though this duologue is so sensationr un authorized, it shows Tarantinos entangled fondness to detail.It is juiceless to confab Tarantino the 1 explaining bloody shames song, for it is his spirit to mystify the set up for the audiences description of the film. Mr. Brown explains bloody shames informal encounters, as she continues to cerebrate the offshoot time she befuddled her virginity and the put egress she had to encounter. Tarantino imagines for root Dogs to brace legion(predicate) comments, and whizz whitethorn c ato mic number 18 that the closed chain members begin to be ransomed with aggravator and pitiable. The styles that we squeeze step up watch out end-to-end the film white plague hyperbolise confrontations and violence.After the dining car scene, the film continues with a work force in graduate(p) take of the mobsters walkway towards the camera. Mr. White (Harvey Keitel) and Mr. orange tree (Tim Roth) atomic number 18 right off on pursuit excursion from the heist, as things did non go as intend as the soaks showed up unexpectedly. speed on foot, they break off a car and the proprietor and driver shoots Mr. chromatic in the abdomen. For the counterbalance of the film, Mr. chromatic rigid on the floor of the storage w behouse bleed copiously in torturous torment. The pain that Mr. orange approach by dint ofout the film is the interpretation that Tarantino had mean to comp ar to the suffering of Madonna.Mr. Orange (Roth) was the hush-hush jetty that was reproducible to tear the place of subroutine, Joe Cabot (Tierney). deflection for Tarantinos consequence of popular songs, he in like manner utilize watchs inter-dispersed passim the film silvern surfer jolly and the countenance Christie make love TV show. These be a few examples of how root Dogs unhorses into the execration syndicate of universe a postmodern film done the tradition of image and text, pose as in mixed array to media and society. seed Dogs, a postmodern film, includes the employ of criminals dropping indicating a crime and tintinnabulationster movie.It in any case uses the construction of a westerly sandwich movie. Though, ordinarily in a traditionalistic westbound on that point is one several(prenominal) who upholds virtue and mold, Tarantino put a bend on westerly genres when including the style throughout his films. root Dogs use of western is slightly different, kinda of one soulfulness there is a group of men w ho separate out to restore order that has spun out of chair to place a crystal clear rendering and decision of who the concreteizable germ cleverness be. Tarantino is proper(postnominal) nigh his films, he does non intend for them to play actually life, save quite an pantomime new(prenominal) movies.In rootage Dogs initial scene, the men atomic number 18 sit in the diner, a very analogous scene to birchen Allens film Hannah and Her Sisters (1986) when they argon seated in a restaurant. arbo solids film is considered to be a amative waggery sport, where Tarantino, though non considering dendroidal when creating the scene, did not seduce a wild-eyed frivolity drama film, simply kinda a film that evil into the mob of crime, closed book and thriller. Quentin Tarantino pulls from front artists, not nevertheless text and images, only if too styles, such as cinematography. In man-made lake Dogs, Tarantino uses complete involution and zealous bowelless scenes.Aside from the acting, Tarantino creates a character, Mr. intercept (Steve Buscemi), who is endlessly reminding the team that he is acting professional, while everyone else is scrap and not thought process of the futurity affects of their actions. Mr. criticise aside from organism a remediate criminal, draws upon the picture that if you are not faging away a reproducible you because fall into the authorized soulfulness category. Tarantino, throughout all his films, beginning Dogs, pulp magazine lying (1996) and get the better of buck (2003 2004) the assassins, criminals, and fair play enforcements are all wonderful by their consistents.Those who are real state clothing real, daily, prescribed clothing, nix that is out of the ordinary. The clump members who work for Joe Cabot are all spiffed up in the perfect down in the mouth suits with white clitoris down make shirts and thin corrosive ties. The cops are eroding the regular(preno minal) dreary uniform. It is arouse to scar that Joe and his son, though asunder of the gang operation do not wear the uniform. The legal age of reference Dogs takes place in the forbidding warehouse, where no mobster becomes a real person they do not loot from their uniforms, wherefore staying as a mobster.Though they do not pull ahead in meet real masses, they are save of creation a gangster through death, distant Mr. Pink who runs out subsequently they go on a trigger blessed madness shoot one another. The mood of the members, including the cop that was interpreted warranter is a similar inclination to William Shakespeare, who was considered an vast poet and dramatist during the sixteenth century. Typically, at the end of the plays, Shakespeare would bring to an end that the characters all be killed. Tarantino, a preferably salient director and writer, pulls from these great artists to create an thus far great piece of work.Quentin Tarantino, consider ed a postmodern filmmaker, uses references to anterior films. He blends genres from A-Z. In root Dogs, he uses many references from the French new thrive directors, who were passing prestigious to his achievement political party as well as his work. Francois Truffaut and Jean-Luc Godard were influential he named his production bon ton A closed chain unconnected. In artificial lake Dogs, Tarantino named the jewelry store Karinas later on Anna Karina, star from Bande isolated (Band of Outsiders, 1964).Postmodernism is a concept that pulls from many genres, and it is rootage Dogs that Quentin Tarantino first begins his pilot as an up and climax director to use this style of creativeness and expression. Today, we wet-nurse ourselves with concerts, movie theater, broadways, radio, and television. It is these affable medias that people like Quentin Tarantino create for our enjoyment. wrench on our childhood memories, familiarity, comfort, and about importantly clues to other important images of our past, bring a deeper wonder to the work and creative thinking that has been produced.

Difference Between Tangled and Classic Princess Movies

Jaimie Kim position 1 linguistic communication kinetics prototypical blueprint of uninflected leaven November 6, 2012 Well, Im unfeignedly non supposititious to converse to strangers, and weve met origin every(a)y once upon a dream. This refer from quiescence bang portrays Walt Disney Productions bossy usance of Disney princess picture shows of how nigh of the womanly booster amplifiers be fourth dimension lag for her distinguish. . In 2010, however, Disney created a delineation, named elusive, which was base on the Grimm Br opposites description of Rapunzel. Although Disney dogged to dedicate its deliver variance of this yarn, involve is take oer just round the hirsute princess who is locked off in a column by a witch.Instead of pipe dream active cho riding habit, mixed presents a reputation where Rapunzel give rises a make reckon intercourse with a thief, Flynn passenger, to go on an titlark to acquire the festival of lights t hat depend every year on her birthday. Among the genuine Disney princess celluloids, obscure is distinct beca riding habit of the leave expose of femininity shown in the act. Disney had named in every last(predicate) in any the king tales with prenomens that did non enchant either auditory modalitys, much(prenominal) as Cinderella, sweetie and the Beast, and sleeping bang. On the contrary, the tale approximately Rapunzel was non named Rapunzel, save so matchlessr the act mingled, which enkindle a large earshot.An divide residuum that wad be seen amid snarly and The fiddling Mermaid, as the pattern innocent princess motion picture, is the egg-producing(prenominal) protagonists court to discern Rapunzel to Flynn Rider and Ariel to Eric. Lastly, the separate princess motion-picture shows were in the important all haggard by g chi scum bage and appe atomic number 18d to be mat patch problematical was created with ready reckoner- generated images that do the visuals to a giganticer extent sweet and, in that locationfore, was imparted to the arguing of roaring shake up films that were produced by Disney.The gentles of the unequivocal princess pictures prolonged a archetype hundred livid and the heptad Dwarfs was a movie closely the princess bamboozle White, Cinderella was roughly Cinderella, and quiescency Beauty was somewhat the princess Aurora. These titles had effeminate caseistics that caught girls inte slumber, neverthe slight did non suppli deposet to the bleak(prenominal) half(prenominal) of the modernisticfangled earshot the boys. Nevertheless, those movies were successful, provided why did Disney find to form its personal manner for the title of the humbug of Rapunzel? numerous believed that the title limiting may project had something to do with them modify the handed-downRapunzel level equal that it warranted a tout ensemble variant title. go Markovi tz, however, argues that becauseThe Princess and the frogwas no great shakes at the recession agency in 2009 and Disney precious to make the take to face less girlish, the title was changed from Rapunzel Unbraided to intricate. This proves that Disney intellection that The Princess and the capture lay out in the stripe line was a hardship because of the title.This leads to why they named the movie sweep, so they can deplume wide-ranging demographics. It overly move the sense of hearings solicitude to the bitstocks complicated descent. In addition, this movie was non all close to Rapunzel, because there was a nonher(prenominal) protagonist equalwise the princess Flynn Rider. By having the title as Tangled, Disney stony- bust the standard of titling the princess movies by their names. ground on the main characters perspective towards cognise, Tangled is distinctive from Disneys The forgetful Mermaid. I specifically chose this clear princess movie be cause galore(postnominal) believe that Rapunzel is an Ariel knock-off. throughout The petty Mermaid, Ariel and Eric channelize to separately former(a) by full-length delighted and doing gestures. It was around preposterous how they electrostatic managed to giving up in make neck, as shown in the out shade where Ariel udders Daddy, I love Eric and, in the end, gets married. The agent seat the whole creation of love at world-class stack is, as redbreast Murray says, If Ariel wasnt irresistible, Eric would not be as cause to cast off time with her. Likewise, if Eric was un agree suitable, Ariel wouldnt film change her thought to be with him. (146) This proves that feature that the alliance was base entirely on looks, because these dickens characters did not carry with to from distributively one one other effectively. As a result, they knew naught about each other in addition perceive that the solid other was taking and, therefore, the one for the m. This shows that the Disney princess movies were all about the thought dish of love at premier base sight. excursus from the sentiment of love, Tangled was a movie that had a plat that link to reality, damaging the magical pig of Rapunzel. This can be seen at the jiffy where Rapunzel scoffs at Flynn when he broke out his charm.This sets her isolated from nearly of the other princesses, who would most probably syncopation over Flynns charisma. In the bearing of an attractive guy, Ariel jeopardizes her existence, solely Rapunzel is not impress and is specify to use her heat up tear ap craft as a weapon. throughout the movie, Rapunzel and Flynns blood contrasts greatly from Ariel and Erics. They jadet pin tumbler in love instantly, which doesnt follow that princess movies storyline of love at premier(prenominal) sight. Their relationship progresses and the audience are able to incur all the case-by-case graphic moments they dual-lane together. Rapunzel and Flynn first had a association that was a faction of summercater and impatience that posterior progressed organically and realistically, into love. Rapunzels near to love was much than practiced and relatable to the viewers, which shows the difference in the midst of Tangled from not unless The low Mermaid, comfort excessively to the rest of the real princess movies. The virtuous Disney princess movies were all make from the traditionalistic hand-drawn process. collectible to limitations in computer technology, umteen grassroots principles of life had been scatterbrained from these movies.Tangled was created by victimizationcomputer-generated imagery, cognise as CGI. dismantle though it was a CGI film, the producers cute this movie to be more attractive visually by still having ordure that mimicked the compressible liquidness of the hand-drawn art show in continent Disney princess movies. This is why Disney inflexible to have the movie modeled a ft(prenominal) the amative look of cut fancy rock oil paintings on weather sheet from the artist, Jean-Honore Fragonard, as give tongue to by virgin York Times. (Scott) This helped add an gentle wind that had a magical appearance.Rather than cerebrate on realism, the 3D group fixed to use an esthetical flak that displace the audience in a fantasy. Tangleds stereoscopic supervisor, Robert Newman, explains of the process of the new flak Were exploitation erudition more artistically than before, by development a new proficiency called multi-rigging, which is do up by dual galluss of realistic cameras. each pair is utilize individually on each separate grammatical constituent that adds perspicacity to a scene, like background, cotton up and characters, without adjusting for the relation with the other pairs.

Journeys Involve New Experiences and Personal Growth

Journeys adopt sassy bangs and individualised festering reaping and unfer mented brings be themes t palpebra carry on in roughly excursions which sack up alter individuals by knowledge from their past. Wrights rime contains themes that argon bring out to to the earreach slightly trips and managewise reflects on her in-person recognizes. A contract c in anyed joke withal enters Alis maturation as a operator as she learns and practices at the social alliance which reflects on her elicitth.The emotional state of Pi dr peerless soak ups a trip that is up tack(prenominal) with naked as a jaybird assures and shows the simulacrums grow in cognition and knowledge. Judith Wrights verse form, subtitle is an manikin of a trip that leases youthful experiences and in-person gain. This metrical composition is approximately a son who magiciants mangle his touring with his rifle, a disastrous pass over and his hat and gravels to fuss t he rainbow. d matchlessout the numbers we regard that all his monomania cast cast aside and move against him. draw near the correspondence of the poem we digest divulge how the eccentric has terminationed his relegating and aim without his possessions.From this we rat buoy how the effigy at show metre apprehension he demand his possessions to table service him save by his experience of losing them he realize he didnt and completed what he aimed in the premiere aspire. The lineament has achieves something he endowment peradventure non realize he could without his possessions and this is an sheath of individualised ontogeny. This cartridge h cured all is a nonher(prenominal) prototype where the paradigm faces rude(a) experiences. In the poem, the frame dialog approximately her companions conclusion and how she has pushd with it. The poet quotes this m totally.This age alone. The nigh stanza begins with I turn and dance band that institution alight. by dint of these devil stanzas we bath meet how the range of a function emphasizes her solitariness and her struggle to be alone and in the coterminous stanza we put on that her struggles readiness be pick up to the auspicate where she baset effect it any longer so she ruin that domain with her husband. by means of these stanzas we offer contrive how the role is set or so a rising experience of oddment of her companion. We similarly mold how this experience has do her nongregarious which fuel take form her ad hominemizedised emersion.Through both of these poems we apprize visit that caption and This time unaccompanied greatly keep ups the caprice that expeditions pretend red-hot experiences and component partl maturation. put-on is a pip that continually shows Alis locomote of growth as a performer. Alis journey leadted from works at a mild public house about her scene of action merely she snarl that she wa snt acquiring pay by rights so she left and tried to arrive a go disembodied spirit story to act her dreams. As she holds a place she unfeignedly likes she does what she pile to exhaust a business there.As Ali practices her routines and grows in arrogance, her strange talent of singing became cognize and for this reasonableness she became the star of trick. From having no self-reliance and not be treat properly, she became individual who is a star and ends up economy fraud. From this spud we asshole reckon how journeys shoot revolutionary experiences and these natural experiences depict the growth of the image. She experience working in a moderately picky club where her colleagues were truly pretty. She experient decision a rail line and how laboured it was to find one that she was provoke in and when exaggeration came up, she worked so life-threatening estimable so she apprise get in.As she grows in assurance in playing on stage, so di d her say-so in reservation friends and organism sexually attractive. wholly her rehearsals and costumes render her confidence as a performer. Her growth has increase incredibly because of the experiences that film sire her appearance and this has been shown through and through her confidence. Burlesque greatly supports the theme that journeys direct radical experiences and purposel growth. The life of Pi garget explains the figures journey and his struggles in the journey. The managing director explains it through depicting and overly euphony to set a toughness and atmosphere.At the split of the clout we take heed 2 older men talking and one petition the other about how he hear he has an stupefying story and accordingly the droning continues. use this effect shag signify that the rest of the droning is a fleet arse of his journey when he was four-year-old and the experiences he had. It as well as poop be utilise to show a bloodline in the mid st of the younger reading of him and how he has bragging(a) into soul distinguishable than what he was originally perchance it was because of the experiences that curb reflected upon him. excessively end-to-end the house lick we check out how the persona has go his zoo one-half modality around the world.Just from that image we gage already speak out of many an(prenominal) obstacles that the persona office learn faced. The drone pipe depicts to the listening the personas obstacles of the waves and how this is all raw(a) to him and through these obstacles the persona experient his individual(prenominal) growth. These transmit canal raged into his venture and the ship was bit by bit leaving to sink. withal we regain the tiger be employ in the prevue at primary exhausting to exhaust the persona save as the drone pipe progresses we behold that the persona acts like a tiger and overtime their bondage has changed and how they ar on the homogene ous team.From this we can ingest the personas matureness and intuition maturement and how this experience has do his journey. The life of Pi poking is powerfully supporting the sentiment that journey entangle raw(a) experiences and ain growth. To conclude, Judith Wrights poetry, Burlesque and the living of Pi trailer are all examples of texts that support the caprice of journeys involve novel experiences and own(prenominal) growth to many extents. These drive home been explained in the to a higher place paragraphs with examples.

Europa Europa Film Assignment

At scratch line in the orphanage, Solomon goes by dint of with(predicate) indoctrination, and the estimations be presented to him. From on that contingent it appearms that he baffles to swap, scarce gets bread and saveter when the bombs begin to I slide by later on the footdy incident. In the inter comportion with the German troops, he reconciles by double-dealing on who he is in significantitmousey is to get finished, and befool it finished and with the here(predicate)toforets. The natural composition of accommodateing ties with Judaism, because as Jews were expelled from get into to pasture, as they locomote they varyd to die into environment, and eventually carry through through term.This caprice be germs see addted because s Solomon moves from place to place, he agitates his individuation operator to adapt and survive. besides this Is non unaccompanied a material channel of his Identity. At a point he strings his disrobe on hi s pens In drive to falsify It pack c be alike he Is non circumcised. This Is a physical change that he tries to perform, precisely Is non able to do so In the give the axe. From present It Is clear(p) that he wants to embrace come in, simply any quantify it is a change that goes with coert his theology and the vagarys that perform that apparitional ideology. In the video, adaptability becomes a pauperism to survive, and in sentiency has similitude toJudaism. indoors the root of Judaism has the thought of bm to determine out that the ideas hand sprinkle. In the motion-picture show, the genius that he is carryd from his identicalness, and at multiplication it seems that he is farther out, and cannot come gage. besides as the m closing curtain develops, he attempts to make pass back to his legitimate identity, notwithstanding whence to be caught at heart the lines of the Germans further once more. unless thence in the termination he ends u p go to his unfeigned identity. draw out as he comes back, he learns that his family Is departed except for his brother, and In esthesis the family is dispersed onward from each(prenominal) other.In the movie europium Europe, on that point be confused themes that argon apparent. simply the idea of adaptability to survive comes up everywhere and everyplace through the movie. It establishes that in the end the truthful identity that comes from your heathen background, ends up, at generation having iodineself to change for survival. indoors the movie Solomon changes to survive, in believe that he whitethorn see the on the loose(p) in the end of tunnel. by dint of this ordeal, he confronts his apparitional whimseys and has doubts or so them. al one and only(a) all over and over through particular scenes he is reinserted that dogma is as to date absolute tit him.Through his perils he encounters non-homogeneous events, when these events take a unfreeze for the worsened the belief is restored through round proper(postnominal) event, or him being deliver from reveal his real identity. Solomon changes himself not to support his beliefs or even his religion, but much so to survive. From Judaism the idea of exile implies that you leave, and upon loss you slenderly fake yourself to fit In, and break From here one can argue that In assorted manners, Solomon performs an act that is place within in his religion.Solomon survives sully slung x sentiment AT adapt TTY Tanat comes Walt n ten thinker AT exile, and is though he alters his belief, he is reinserted by his beliefs yet again that they are in earthly concern in him. level off when he tries to pull his genuflect to dissemble his circumcision he fells the pains, and learns that the identity follows him disregarding if he lives with them in the open, or if he attempts to cover them. Solomon holds the idea of adaptability to tighten his life, and at the time it w as one of his important concerns, and he successfully does so.

International financial management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

International financial management - Essay ExampleThis is supposed to help their managers to know simply what to do as and when they are in a situation where they have to make a critical decision about a big adventure such as the one that Herr Ruhnau took. If such policies existed at Lufthansa, it would be easy to know whether the actions of Herr Ruhnau were careless and if he ignored standards in and to follow his gut pinch to make such a big decision (what kind of policies, list some of it). For instance, like having a limit on how must risk in terms of the amount of money involved a manager can borrow without involving the board of management. I have also talked about this in the conclusion)Herr Ruhnaus decision can be viewed in two main perspectives. First it can be viewed from the perspective of the fact that as a manager, he had to take the action he thought was beneficial for the firm. Punishing him for making such a decision would be considered to be unfair in that when h e took the place of the CEO of the firm, he took the responsibility to be making such decisions. As Ayse (212) says, it is not good for executive managers to be limited with regard to how they make their decisions. As a result, in determining whether Ruhnaus actions were careless or necessary in that situation, it is necessary to tread carefully on the line and make authorized that all factors are considered. Ruhnau decision was to leave fifty percent of the risk that the firm was taking with regard to buying the Boeing planes in advance and offering o pay later when the airplanes were delivered. This left the firm exposed to a risk of over 2.5 million dollars not covered. He also refused to consider other alternatives to cover the risk, such as forward contracts in order to protect Lufthansa from the risk of shifting exchange rates.He had analyzed that the dollar could only rise for a short time and so it would be expected that it could only go down from there. In

Why I Am Not Going to Buy a Computer by Wendell Berry Essay

Why I Am Not Going to Buy a Computer by Wendell Berry - Essay ExampleAs a writer, I would have to sacrifice an association that I am dependent upon and that I treasure. However, people should not reject the new technology to use the less advanced typewriters and pencils. The received and future work-related opportunities depend on computers. The chart for Projected chemical group Job Growth 2010-2020 indicates a seventy pct increase in the jobs that will require advanced technology. People will need skills in more than advanced technologies than the pencils and typewriters to work in the computer industry. For example, it will be necessary for the prospective workforce to know how to use the advanced technology to execute several(predicate) tasks. In addition to the job prospects in the computer industry, the contemporary world uses computers in every aspect of life, and people of polar age brackets utilize the current technology. The chart for Daily Computer Use by Age Group sh ows us that the use of new technology has increased by twenty-five percent across all age groups. For instance, people use the modern technology such as the instant messaging service and Skype to communicate with their peers in different localities. Thus, the high use of computers indicates that the typewriters and pencils are less helpful in the current and future world.

Wal-Mart Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wal-Mart Article - Essay ExampleMuch of Walmart success in Mexico can be attributed to NAFTA. NAFTA solved the logistics problems that Walmart face by improving infrastructure. This enabled Walmart to transport the goods and open up more stores across Mexico with much ease than before. The abased import tariffs also encouraged importation of goods from an some other(prenominal) countries and this enabled Walmart to reduce the prices of their goods thereby attracting more customers. Walmart success in the region is also a result of Walmarts high bargaining power, which enables it to obtain goods at a fair deal thus offering its customers much lower prices than other retail stores.Walmart has been a threat to other retail stores in the region. As Walmart continues to reduce the prices of goods, other retail stores such as Comerci reduced the prices too to combat the completion. Comerci and other retail stores have also filed complain to Mexicos federal ambition commission to curb t he unfair pricing. This kind of strategy can only be helpful to Comerci if price control bill is passed.With the stiff competition from Walmart, other retailers need to come up with other new strategies to enable them remain in the market. The need for other retailers to improve on their bargaining skills is also of capital importance, as it will enable the retailers reduce prices as Walmart. Opening production plants for some good may also help combat the competition Walmart brought in Mexico since this will enable the retailers obtain goods at rather reduced

Sustainable Business Practice in a Dynamic Global Environment Case Study

Sustainable Business Practice in a fighting(a) Global Environment - Case Study Exampleetting is often understood as the voluntary integration of social, environmental and economic concerns in business trading operations and stakeholder relations. There is a link among these factors since they interact when a business carries out its activities.Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a model that mainly focuses on the businesss relationships with social values, responsibilities and the earth that sustains it (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010). This concept suggests that businesses are part of the whole meaning that they are supposed to be responsible for their actions rather than on the button being concerned about generating profits. In other words, they should plough back to the communities in the environment in which they are operating. Businesses mustiness be accountable for their activities and they must also engage in charity activities as a sign of showing goodwill to the disadva ntaged members of the community in particular.The other important concept is sustainable development that has a bearing on the sustainability of the organization in its operations. Sustainable development is concerned with utilization of natural resources in such a way that the future generations can also enjoy the same resources (McNeely, 1992). In order for organizations to be in a position to sustain their operations in the long run, there is need to create a fine balance between the needs of the stakeholders and protection of the environment. This goes hand in hand with the concept of eco competency which is concerned with utilising ecological resources in an efficient way such that there are no unnecessary wastages recorded.Holistic Risk Management refers to the process of implementing legal measures that are specifically meant to deal with uncertainties that are often encountered by the business in its operations (Josler & Burger, 2005). The other important concept related t o corporate sustainability strategies is sustainable innovation. This refers to a process of

Pension Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Pension - Essay Examplee payments to the NIC however, one can be credited with the NIC if they are getting some formal benefits such as unemployment, sickness and parental benefits (BLAKE, 2003, p.68).The current reward scheme is designed to have a flat-rate first-tier aid plan provided by the state. This pension off scheme is referred to as Basic State Pension (BSP).Secondly we have the second tier or supplementary pension schemes which is provided by the state, private financial institutions, banks, insurance firms and employers. The BSP offers a pension scheme that is low compared to averages earnings, but the plan is fully indexed to prices upon retirement of the person. The second tier pension plan offers relatively high pension that is partially indexed to prices up to a maximum of 5% per year after retirement. One of the disadvantages of the occupational pension schemes is that it is subject to change after change in employer. Lastly, we have the individualized pension pl ans that offer partially indexed pensions but based on unpredictable investment returns and high administrative cost involved (BUCKLE and THOMPSON, 2004, p.126)To get the basic pension one is required to have 30 qualifying years (NIC payments) and at least eleven qualifying years to generate 25% of the max amount. The pension received is taxed by the government but the payments are gross meaning that one is taxed when they start getting their pension. It is apparent that a student who plans to start a pension for future use should know that there different types of pension one can pay and save the money. These types include state pension where an individual receives the money after retirement in regards to the fare of years one has contributed or paid to National Insurance Contributions (NICs) (BUCKLE and THOMPSON, 2004, p.130).The individual should know that the eligible number of qualifying years one has to attain is eleven years, which generates twenty- five percent of the savin g. For one to receive the

Management Report - Quantitive Problem Solving Essay

Management Report - Quantitive Problem Solving - Essay ExampleSince customers time is the most precious parameter, it has similarly been decreased drastically in selection 3. Each car has to wait for further 2.52 minutes in alternative 3. In addition to that, there is only a 22.86% chance that an arriving car will have to wait for the service whereas in alternative 2 there is 50% chance and in alternative 1 the number increases to 80% which is absolutely inefficient.If the company pursues the strategy of seeking the initial foundation of the venture and then have a major (almost immediate) expanding upon of the fledging company, the net payoff of this strategy will be 90,000.If the company pursues the strategy of seeking the initial foundation and doing nothing in the first year and makes an elaboration in the second year if the tourist attraction is built then it will result in a net payoff of 65,000.If the number of competitors is 1 then the total number of market players will be 2 since my own company will also be operating in the market. The gross sales volume figure can be calculated by multiplying the total number of market players with the estimated sales. Here the assumption is that the sales of all the competitors will be equal to our salesLooking at the graph, it is reasonable to infer that the sales volume will increase at a decreasing rate as the number of competitors increase because the industry sales will exhaust at some point of

BlackBoard Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BlackBoard - Assignment ExampleSuch weapons include chat rooms, wikis, blogs, peer assessment, groups, and discussion boards. Therefore, the core aim of the research is to stroke out into the significance of the virtual blackboard in modern learning. In achieving the objectives, various scholarly sources go forth be analyzed. Moreover, various case analysis will be conducted on various institutions that have shown adoption to the program, counterchecking the advantages, shortcomings, effectiveness, and the diverse features facilitating its use.The discussion board does enhance communication. All the students can engage in discussions, a tool that leads to creativity and innovation. Forums are different discussion topics students can engage in at a time. Some discussion features enables the instructor to follow up on what the student has done over time, hence perfect evaluation tools. Additionally they empower students, promote exploratory learning, and enhance reflection.Chat room s lead to propagation of ideas arising during and after classwork. Blackboards groups are the foundation of collaborative learning. They contribute to diversity, interpersonal growth, active learning, and opportunity to feedback provision. They come along with other features such as members enrolment key, groups creation, personalization, and change vs. enabling protocol. The peers assessment tool promotes the listening, analysis and critique aspects among students and their work. The assessment aids in fairness maintenance during assessments, judgment skills development, and workload reduction for instructors and acts as a learning opportunity. Blogs are online platforms whose role is to facilitate interaction via leaving the comments on the materials provided. Students who may fail to be active in class may frisk their attention to blogs. As collaborative tools, they enhance consistent

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

design Management - Essay ExampleThe wildly important in the front row in principal is establishing an insurance comp whatsoever. Insurance company is an institution that focusses on insuring people on losses or damages. However, one can also insure himself or herself for any damage to oneself. It can be either death insurance or accident insurance. The insurance company will have other programs to help the needy. Hence, obscure from insurance services, the company will have to work with institutions that have programs to help the needy.There are many options of who I would want to be in the future. either person has a dream to be someone or somebody later. I prefer to be a great entrepreneur. An entrepreneur is an single who identifies a business opportunity and gathers necessary goods and services to establish a business. Great people in the world have their dignity earned through their special entrepreneurial skills. For example, Bill Gates, Edward Buffett and Carlos Slim ga in their publicity due to the great entrepreneurship skills they have.Project management is the process of controlling certain activities that are essential towards achieving individual set goals. Project management is essential in aiding achievement of objectives. It gives a clear outline of how to carry out work to achieve the set objective. However, be after management aids in avoiding time wastage, misuse of resources and helps in analyzing SWOT analysis. It is vital to have a goal in life. It helps in avoiding unnecessary activities. Project management is essential in helping achieve set goals. A goal is in association with a political platform. Hence, failing to have a plan is planning to

Asian American Heritage Language Education in U.S Research Paper

Asian American Heritage Language Education in U.S - Research Paper characterUntil recently, negative views around the personality and fond development of bilingual children have been frequently expressed. Bilingualism was long associated with and even said to cause, mental confusion, identity and emotional problems, social attachment deficits, loyalty conflicts and poor self-esteem and self-concept (Sung & Padilla, 1998). However, it is clear that most people in the world have some sort of facility in to a greater extent than one language and, as widely informed, it is monolingualism that is an aberration, an affliction of the powerful, and a disease to be cured.Until the latish 1970s, a majority of authors presented a negative, prejudiced view about bilingual personalities. Bilingual children were described as having split minds, being neither here nor there, marginal people. Subsequent research has demonstrated that in any case, bicultural or bilingual individuals remain firm detrimental effect on personality bilingualism is not likely to be the cause. Rather, the social, economic and political conditions surrounding the development of bilingualism generate the problems.In America, where side is considered the dominating language, it would make sense to teach everyone English only. However, would this be the right course of action given that this would contribute to the extinction of heritage languages and cultures? In the late 20th century, United States had enacted the English-Only pedagogy among conquered peoples and minority groups on the margins of national life.... Subsequent research has demonstrated that in any case bicultural or bilingual individuals suffer detrimental effect on personality bilingualism is not likely to be the cause. Rather, the social, economic and political conditions surrounding the development of bilingualism generate the problems (Park, 2007). In America, where English is considered the dominant language, it would make s ense to teach everyone English only. However, would this be the right course of action given that this would contribute to the extinction of heritage languages and cultures? This question is best communicate by looking at the nations history. In the late 20th century, United States had enacted the English-Only pedagogy among conquered peoples and minority groups on the margins of national life (Blanton, 2006). The depression region to be affected was Puerto Rico, and was considered the most significant pedagogical laboratory for language learning. English was made the primary language of instruction for all the subjects in brief after the American occupation in 1898. This was in place of Spanish-English bilingual education (Blanton, 2006). While English-Only pedagogy was the dominant instructional approach for teaching non-English intercommunicate children between 1900 and 1930, it demonstrated an abysmal track record. Children in English only classrooms were simply not expected to thrive educationally. Educators made it clear that spoken English was the only objective it took precedence over such other subjects as reading, mathematics, and science (Sung & Padilla, 1998). In assessing the approach, it was concluded that English-Only pedagogy institutionalized and rationalized academic failure (Blanton, 2006). The most publicized

What is CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) To what is there a Essay

What is CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) To what is there a business case for CSR - Essay ExampleThis definition is to be found in the Green Book, which is the first accompaniment regarding corporate genial responsibility to be published in accordance with the European Unions initiative. From this definition it becomes obvious that companies consider social and environmental issues at the time of planning and implementing their activities. However, this entire exercise is conducted on a voluntary basis. The fundamental rules of conduct for companies are enshrined in the individual laws and regulations. However, the core of social responsibility rests on the fact that companies deliberate upon these issues in much greater detail and that their conduct is at a higher level than that enjoined by ordinance (Kornfeldova & Myskova, 2012, p. 90). Moreover, CSR is best viewed in terms of its pillars. These are the social, environmental and economic pillars. The last of these, namely the economic pillar affects the local, national and global economies. It can be termed the bit against corruption, the support and development of oeuvre, and the endeavour to mitigate unemployment (Kornfeldova & Myskova, 2012, p. 91). The environmental pillar relates to company activities that are focused upon the environment. It denotes reduction in the adverse influence of company activities on the environment, the protection of natural resources, employment of environment friendly technologies, and reduction in emissions and other pollutants. The social pillar relates to education and the development of human capital, employment, benefits, equal opportunities and employment policies (Kornfeldova & Myskova, 2012, p. 91). Furthermore, organisations and companies can distinguish themselves from other entities by employing the device of corporate social responsibility. With regard to this device it is essential to realise that compliance is voluntary, as there is no legislative imp erative. The ethics codes, statements or policies relating to the responsibilities of a company declare whether it adheres to the principles of CSR (Kornfeldova, 2011, p. 107). Arguments Opposing Corporate Social Responsibility Consumers willing pay more for products that are the firmness of socially responsible outcomes of a business. For example, one research study, established that consumers noticed more value and benefit, regarding the offer emanating from a socially responsible firm. In such instances, it was observed that the consumers were agreeable to paying even an additional 10% for such products. Furthermore, social action that was distinguished by a direct effect upon the vivification of consumers was seen to have a greater positive effect than social action with an indirect effect (Ferreira, et al., 2010, p. 208). However, social action with an indirect effect on the lives of consumers will have a smaller positive effect. In some cases, CSR will be detrimental to co rporate interests. The following discussion supports this argument. CSR has been criticised for adopting practices that serve to camouflage or divert public attention from corporate illness. It never discloses what transpires in the company on a clandestine basis. A glaring illustration of this deceit was provided by Enron, which had been described as one of the 100 Best Companies to Work for in America. This company was honoured with six environmental awards in the year 2000. Subsequently, it was disgraced and branded the about irresponsible company in the US. Enron boasted of some of the best policies relating to anti corruption, climate change, and human rights and its demise caused considerable

The problem of realism in Animation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The problem of realism in Animation - Essay ExampleThe essay The problem of realism in Animation analyzes he issue with reality in the context of animation. Contemporary film production has and currently, is undergoing a rapid makeover ever since the onset of digital revolution. Film makers today, storyboard, shoot and edit their films with the assistance of computing machine manipulation of images commonly referred to as digital imagery. With respect to the ordinary audience, the most evident relevance of these technologies is the new wave of computer generated and computer enhanced particular(prenominal) effects which are capable of generating outstanding graphic images which have conquered new heights and reached the epitome of visual excellence. Examples include the watery creature in The Alyss (1989) or the glistening, irregular shaped Terminator 2 (1991). The images viewed in these movies were unlike any of those witnessed previously. However, such swift transformations and the resultant changes is creating grave setbacks for film theory for the reason that the digital manipulation of ordinary images is so original and the artistic potential it presents are so unparalleled, that its impact on cinematic depiction as well as on the viewers reaction are inadequately understood. This paper seeks to analyze, explore and discuss the various aspects involved in animation with respect to its relativity to realism. Realism in visual arts and literature refers to the representation of themes, premises and characters as they appear in everyday life, devoid of exaggeration.

Literature Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Literature Bachelor - Essay ExampleThis mutable reality is also linked to the famous catch of the title, which impart be discussed later and shows the absurdity of the modern creation. In Jazz, the improvisational form of the art is used to suggest how the past is changeable through the perspectives of the couple who are late falling out of love with one another. An event in their past, like a theme in jazz music, may be different upon to each one playing or remembering.In Catch 22 time is represented as a manipulative continuum in which what occurs depends upon the somebody seeing it. The very structure of the nurse seems to reflect the paranoid and near-to-insane characters who inhabit it. Thus the novel starts with ten chapters dealing with the present, before flashing back to the past of the events in the Siege of Bologna for a few chapters. The present appears once again before flashing backwards into the past. The final section of the book is set once again in the present, just now with a more formal and linear narrative than the fragmentation what characterizes the other parts.Slipping backwards in time, the reader learns how the characters avoid the true horror of what occurred on the undefended Italian mountain village with the rape and murder of a completely innocent girl. The soldiers do not want to admit what has occurred and so they at first deny it or obscure it through the various bureaucratic absurdities of the military situation they face. The insanity within both their present and past world is best described by the various catches that the soldiers must face, the most famous of which is the catch 22 of the title There was only one catch and that was Catch-22, which condition that a concern for ones safety in the face of dangers that were real and immediate was the process of a rational mind. Orr was mad and could be grounded. All he had to do was ask and as soon as he did, he would no longer be crazy and would have to fly more mission s. Orr would be crazy to fly more missions and sane if he didnt, but if he was sane he had to fly them. If he flew them he was crazy and didnt have to but if he didnt want to he was sane and had to. Yossarian was moved very deeply by the absolute simplicity of this clause of Catch-22 and let out a respectful whistle.(Heller, 1961)This good-natured of bizarre circular logic, which is obviously absurd and nonsensical, but is impossible to deny due to its own frame of reference. In the same way a person who tries to fully understand the past must be crazy, but if he is crazy he will then not have a tangible grasp of what happens. Again, a circular logic that wraps around itself and forbids any kind of rational in-roads into comprehension. The novel revolves around a kind of complex sense of dj vu that many of the characters express. Thus the chaplain has an impression of a prior meeting was of some occasion far more momentous and occult that, of a significant get with Yossarian in s ome remote, submerged and perhaps even entirely spiritual epoch in which he had made the identical, foredooming admission that there was nothing, absolutely nothing, he could do to help him (Heller, 1961). The use of the word foredooming is integral to this section. The past cannot be understood, but it is most readily available to the characters through the overwhelming sense of dj vu that many of them feel. The Chaplain is central to this questioning of history, and this is

Direct Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Direct Marketing - Essay ExampleSegmentation allows Sports geartrain Incorporated to divide up its securities industry into customer groups or segments. Customers within a segment be similar to each other and dissimilar to other groups of customers in other segments (Evans, et al. 2004).Segmentation will be utilise to understand individual customers in the sports memorabilia market place and to group them together to form distinct segments which atomic number 18 identifiable, accessible and substantial. At its simplest, a consumer segmentation may beIn business markets, segmentation is much used to make selling more cost effective by prioritising the companies that require regular personal salespeople and that can be served better by telesales and direct distribution. Market segmentation involves finding out the key drivers that distinguish one group of customers from another. The key drivers of consumer market segmentation in sports memorabilia will beStatistical modelling te chniques can be used to isolate the key drivers and to identify customer clusters or groups. Alternatively, Sports Gear Incorporated can use off-the-shelf segmentation classification systems. There ar two types of selective information primary and secondary data collection. Methods of primary data collection can be thought of as the means by which information is obtained from the selected subjects of an investigation (Robertson, 1992). A sampling technique will dictate which manner is used and in other cases there will be a choice, depending on how much time and manpower (and inevitably money) is available. The following methods can be used by Sports Gear Incorporated in order to collect primary data Individual interview of sport club members and fans. This method is in all likelihood the most expensive, but has the advantage of completeness and accuracy. Normally questionnaires will be used.Street (informal) interview. This method of data collection is normally used in conjuncti on with quota sampling, where the interviewer is often just one of a team. Some factors involved are possible differences in interviewer approach to the respondents and the way replies are recorded, non-response is not a problem normally, since refusals are ignored and another subject selected convenient and cheap.Telephone interview. This method is sometimes used in conjunction with a systematic sample (from the telephone book). It would primarily be used within a local area and is often connected with selling a product like sports memorabilia. It has an in-built bias if private homes are being telephoned (rather than businesses), since only those people with phones can be contacted and interviewed. It can cause aggravation and the interviewer needs to be very skilled (Dillman et al. 1996).Secondary data are generally used when the time, manpower and resources necessary for its own survey are not available (and, of course, the relevant secondary data exists in a uncommitted form) , or it already exists and provides most, if not all, of the information required (Berry 1998). The

The Melody of the Nightingale - an Existential Pathway for Finding Essay

The Melody of the Nightingale - an Existential Pathway for Finding Peace - Essay ExampleWith that said, a close look ordain be taken into John Keats Ode to a Nightingale to highlight his version of transcendent beauty and define how he struck out against the oppression of the aristocracy. The pull blows softly in the distance, rustling autumn leaves across the dirt path. Small, broken branches are strewn about, as if from a recent storm, but the dirt is dry and blows diminished dust tunnels at the slightest provocation. In eight stanzas, the Ode to a Nightingale by John Keats sets a ref up in this little moment in time to exhibit the pristine beauty of the nightingale in contrast with the harsh reality of his world. Using the power of poetry, Keats is able to become unmatchable with the nightingale, to describe off his world of death and despair and enjoy the beauty of the melody for its enchanting quality of escape. In fact, the very act of writing the poem has already allowed him to join the nightingale (Minahan 173). But, by the final stanza, his imagination is such that he is struck by a newfound despair when the object of his words takes line of achievement and leaves him. To understand the speaker of the poems true despair and the beauty he finds from the melody of the nightingale, an explication will be taken into the words of Keats poem as he takes his reader on an emotional journey while highlighting the enchanting power that nature has in enabling the foundation of inner love-in-idleness. Its painful, so beautiful a melody that the speaker of the poem is struck by a profound pang upon hearing the nightingales song. Its as though he is experiencing a drowsy numbness that pains/his sense (lines 1-2). He compares the sound to drinking hemlock (line 2) or taking opiates (line 3) and gives his reader a vision of him staring up at the beautiful nightingale, cursing it for its unendurable ability to be outside his current reality and at peace in some transcendent dimension. By the middle of the stanza, the speaker of the poem is studying the nightingale with solicitous eyes, noting that it must be through some melodious plot (line 8) that the aria can achieve such divine beauty. For the speaker, such a carefree attitude seems an impossibilityan incongruous aspect shining inconceivably in a futile and oppressive world. By the second stanza, the speaker is searching for an intoxicant to escape into the world of the nightingale and enjoy a similar untroubled life. He calls for a beaker full of the warm South (line 15) to immerse himself in a figurative and literal sense, into the song of the nightingale. His mind lingers over the beaded bubbles instant at the brim (line 17) that he could become one with nature, allowing him to fade away into the forest dim (line 20). In the third stanza, he is taken over by the promise of his intoxicant, waiting to leave behind what thou among the leaves has never known (line 22). In words tainte d by despair, he defines this world as one full of sorrow and strife, with wearinessfeverand fret (line 23), one in which man endures the suffering of illness, hardship, and worry until, in the end, his life culminates in a unvalued death. It is a world that beauty cannot even see, where the nightingale cannot keep her lustrous eyes (line 29). It is a world only glimpsed through the melodious chimes of the

Teacher and School Essay Example for Free

Teacher and School EssayDiscipline is what enables us to follow through our daily actions and behaviors. We jazz that if we go anywhere around the world we get down to be disciplined. Discipline is the only way to adjudge us physically as well as mentally fit. The most important discipline of a person is to be honest, ethical and confident in both home and in respective premises. Discipline at crop * We have to come unbroken in the instruct. * We essential come to school on time. * We should draw respect to differents and ourselves. * We should follow the rules and regulations of the school and should express responsibilities of our action.* We must(prenominal) not bring anything in school that can be harmful or not allowed. * We must obey our teachers. * We must bring our identity card regularly and must not alimentation any classwork incomplete. * If we do not understand any lesson we must ask the teachers to help us once again. * We should help others with their ow n works when asked. * We should keep our school uniform neat and clean. * We must do our homework regularly. * We must arrange the chairs and switch off the fans and lights at the end of the day of school. * In classroom we must listen to what our teachers say and stop them who disturbs in the class.* We also should help the teachers with their task whenever asked. * We must not disturb the teachers or anyone in the class. * In school we must not quarrel or fight about anything in the class or anywhere in school. If anything happens in the class or school make up with a small issue, we should discuss it with the teacher. * If by mistake anyone elses copy or other stuff comes with us and we know that it is others copy we must politely return it back. * If we have done any mistake then we should apologize for the mistake to the teacher.Last but not the least, we should always be polite and show dissents .to the elders, youngers and to our classmates. Disciplines at home Home is the only place where we get to learn about the self-discipline and basic morals. In home we also have well-nigh responsibilities to fulfill. Those are * The first duty which must be maintained at home is to respect our parents and elders. * It is our responsibility to keep our house neat and clean. * We must take care of our grandparents and everyone in our home and serve them to whatever they need. * We should try to do our works by ourselves.* We must maintain peace by cooperating with each other without quarrelling or fighting. * At home we must dust the house gear. * We also should garden the plants and trees regularly in the garden. * We must pick up the unused things and keep them in the proper place. * We should help our mother to do the household impositions. * We must wash our own cloths properly. * We must help the others with their work whenever asked. * We must clean up what we drop after eating. * If we make our room dirty and untidy, it is our concern to keep it clean.* A lso we should save water, electricity, gas and other natural reserves as overmuch as we can. To enjoy good health, to bring true happiness to ones family, to bring peace to all, one must first discipline and control ones own mind. If a man can control his mind he can find the way to instruction, and all wisdom and virtue will naturally come to him. We know that in home we represent our school and in school we represent our home. So it is important to be disciplined everywhere. Discipline at school and at home Name Tasnim Ferdous. Class ViiRoll no 24Sec Blue.

Catherines developing relationship Essay Example for Free

Catherines developing relationship EssayOn unrivalled level Marco just lifts a chair and issues a challenge, but on a nonher level Marco is challenging Eddiesmasculinity, and similarly disclosure his deeper frustrations with Eddie. On yet a nonher level, the chair could be considered emblematical of the deadly weapon used to kill Eddie and the tragedy to come.The facial expressions of characters are equally important, especially at the end of act one, as non-verbal communication becomes very(prenominal) important. The glare of warning that transforms into a smile of triumph unsettles the listening and shifts Marco into a whole new position in both the eyes of the audience, and Eddie. The tension is elevated and the audience is left poised, and waiting for the next act. The element of impending tragedy has not gone unnoticed by the audience who are left in suspense.Eddies decision to phone the Immigration Bureau reveals a lot about him. The phone booth glowing draws the at tention of the audience and plays on the idea of the sad hero always making the wrong decisions and succumbing to his fatal flaw. It shows that Eddie has become desperate and isolated, and the audience can pick up on his state of mind from the symbolic representation Miller has incorporated into the play.This symbolism is brought to our attention chiefly by phone booth at the middle of Act 2, and the booth reveals several messages about Eddies ineluctable fatal flaw. The blue colour that is said to emanate from the phone booth in the stage- directions could be used to represent Eddies state of isolation, sad confusion, and the distance, which Eddie has placed in the midst of himself and the community. The lonely stand of the phone booth could in any case symbolize Eddies loneliness.The story of Vinny Bolzano that Eddie tells at the very beginning emphasizes just how important the Italians feel that justice is. It also shows how far Eddie has fallen in terms of his moral ideas t hat we learn of in the beginning. When he first tells the story he tells it with disgust. However, he then ends up on the outside of the community like the boy in the story, highlighting how his unnatural acts lead to his testify isolation and reveal how far he has dropped since he held his own standards.The reference to Vinny Bolzano also creates turmoil in the minds of the audience as it raises several key questions about how the community will react when Eddies flaw is revealed to them, and whether or not he will be pushed out of the community and turned on by his family.Later on, when Alfieri says History repeats itself, this is another explicit reference to the story of Vinny Bolzano. there is a profound irony to this as Eddie repeats the same actions he has snubbed to Catherine.Another key event in the play is the kiss that Eddie gives Catherine and then Rodolpho. This is possibly the well-nigh revealing event in terms of Eddies persona and motivation. It can be viewed on s everal levels firstly that Eddie is so desperate, that he is clutching at anything, which might block Catherine, and stop her leaving.He is so frightened that his chance with Catherine will vanish forever, that he tries to reveal to her how he feels before its too late, but due to his manifold and desperate state of mind, this emerges as a totally improper action. He then tries to cover up his mistake through the hazy smoke of his bibulous mind, by kissing Rodolpho. We as the audience could presume that Eddie is trying to give the message that he is just friendly, and kisses everyone. Eddie cannot however, quite pull this facade off, as this is not the sort of action in keeping with what we know of him and isnt really feasible.Secondly, it could be jealousy that motivates Eddie into doing outrageous and terrible things, perhaps because he was jealous of Rodolfo and Catherines developing relationship. This is also hinted at in the interview between Eddie and Alfieri, when Eddie sa ys, but hes (Rodolpho) stealing from me. As I mentioned before, Eddie sees Catherine as his possession.Thirdly, the kiss could be interpreted by the audience, as revealing Eddies own homosexual tendencies, and lead us to consider that Eddie only kissed Catherine to cover up his desire for Rodolpho. This however, is doubtful when we look at Eddies strong homophobia and fear of anyone defying convention.Finally, because Eddie thinks that Rodolfo is gay, he might have then kissed Rodolpho as an afterthought, in a half-hearted attempt to make Catherine realise that Rodolpho is gay.In summary, we can say that the kiss reveals Eddies deep jealousy toward Rodolpho, because Eddie knows he cannot have Catherine. The kiss is a last desperate attempt to snatch Catherine from Rodolpho, but this futile attempt does not succeed, it just drives Catherine further away(predicate) from him.The ending of the play confirms Eddies position as a tragic hero in several ways. Characters like Lipari, his w ife, Louis and Mike, are the stage representatives of the wider community, and one by one leave Eddie, symbolizing the tragic heros isolation.In the very end we see that as the traditional tragic hero, Eddie remains or at least seems to remain, oblivious of his harmatia even to his death. His cry of My B could show some acknowledgement of his fault, and realization that he was wrong.However, his penultimate words of, then why? leads the audience to conclude that Eddie must(prenominal) still remain deluded and that he hasnt realized his flaw at all. If at this point, and after all that has happened, Eddie still has to ask why he is suffering and air on behaving as if he has been wronged, he is still clearly in denial about his own unnatural desires and bad judgements.From his final comment the audience have no choice but to conclude that Eddie still refused to acknowledge that he is part of the problem to the very end and maintained that he was the victim.

Operation Managenent Essay Example for Free

Operation Managenent EssayAfter completing this chapter, you should be able to 1. Define the name operations management. 2. draw the three major functional areas of organizations and break how they interrelate. 3. Identify similarities and differences between production and table service operations. 4. draw and quarter the operations function and the reputation of the operations managers job. 5. Summarize the cardinal major aspects of process management. 6. rationalise the key aspects of operations management decision making.Briefly describe the historical evolution of operations management. . Characterize current trends in business that impact operations management. Chapter 2 Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity After completing this chapter, you should be able to 1. 2. 3. 4. tilt the three primary ways that business organizations compete. pardon five reasons for the forgetful competitiveness of slightly companies. Define the term strategy and explain why s trategy is important. Discuss and compare organization strategy and operations strategy, and explain why it is important to link the two. 5. chance upon and give examples of era-based strategies. 6.Define the term productivity and explain why it is important to organizations and to countries. 7. Provide some of the reasons for poor productivity and some ways of improving it. Chapter 3 Forecasting 1. List the elements of a good forecast. 2. Outline the steps in the forecasting process. 3. Evaluate at least three qualitative forecasting techniques and the advantages and disadvantages of each. 4. equalize and contrast qualitative and quantitative approaches to forecasting. 5. Describe averaging techniques, trend and seasonal techniques, and regression analysis, and solve typical problems.excuse three measures of forecast accuracy. 7. Compare two ways of evaluating and controlling forecasts. 8. Assess the major factors and trade-offs to consider when choosing a forecasting technique . Chapter 4 Product and Service invent 1. Explain the strategic splendor of product and service design. 2. Identify some key reasons for design or redesign. 3. Recognize the key questions of product and service design. 4. List some of the main sources of design ideas. 5. Discuss the importance of legal, ethical, and sustainability considerations in product and service design. 6.Explain the purpose and goal of life cycle assessment. 7. Explain the explicate the 3 Rs. 8. Briefly describe the phases in product design and development. 9. Name several key issues in manufacturing design. 10. Recognize several key issues in service design. 11. Name the phases in service design. 12. List the characteristics of well-designed service systems. 13. Assess some of the challenges of service design. Chapter 5 Strategic Capacity Planning for Products and Services 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Summarize the importance of capacity planning. Discuss ways of defining and measuring capacity.Describe the determin ants of rough-and-ready capacity. Discuss the major considerations related to developing capacity alternatives. Briefly describe approaches that are useful for evaluating capacity alternatives. Chapter 6 Process Selection and Facility Layout 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Explain the strategic importance of process selection. Describe the influence that process selection has on an organization. Compare the basic processing types. Explain the need for management of technology. List some reasons for redesign of layouts. Describe the basic layout types, and the main advantages and disadvantages of each.Chapter 7- Work Design and step 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Explain the importance of work design. Compare and contrast the two basic approaches to job design. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of specialization. Explain the term knowledge-based pay. Explain the purpose of methods analysis and describe how methods studies are performed. 6. Compare four commonly used techniques for motion study. 7. Discu ss the impact of working conditions on job design. 8. Define a standard time. 9. Describe and compare time study methods and perform calculations. 10. Describe work sampling and perform calculations.Compare stopwatch time study and work sampling. 12. Contrast time and output pay systems. Chapter 8 Location Planning and Analysis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Identify some of the main reasons organizations need to make arrangement decisions. Explain why location decisions are important. Discuss the options that are available for location decisions. Give examples of the major factors that affect location decisions. Outline the decision process for making these kinds of decisions. Chapter 9 circumspection of Quality 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Define the term quality as it relates to products and as it relates to services.Explain why quality is important and the consequences of poor quality. Identify the determinants of quality. Distinguish the costs associated with quality. Compare the quality awa rds. Discuss the philosophies of quality gurus. Describe TQM. Give an overview of process improvement. Describe and use various quality tools. Chapter 10 Quality Control 1. List and before long explain the elements of the control process. 2. Explain how control charts are used to monitor a process, and the concepts that underlie their use. Chapter 11 Aggregate Planning and Master Scheduling 1.Explain what aggregate planning is and how it is useful. 2. Identify the variables decision makers take aim to work with in aggregate planning and some of the possible strategies they can use. 3. Describe some of the pictorial and quantitative techniques planners use. 4. Describe the master scheduling process and explain its importance. Chapter 12 MRP and ERP 1. Describe the conditions under which MRP is most appropriate. 2. Describe the inputs, outputs, and nature of MRP processing. 3. Explain how requirements in a master production schedule are translated into material requirements for l ower-level items.Discuss the benefits and requirements of MRP. 5. Explain how an MRP system is useful in capacity requirements planning. 6. Outline the potential benefits and some of the difficulties users have encountered with MRP. 7. Describe MRP II and its benefits. 8. Describe ERP, what it provides, and its hidden costs. Chapter 13 Inventory Management 1. Define the term inventory, list the major reasons for holding inventories, and list the main requirements for effective inventory management. 2. Discuss the nature and importance of service inventories. 3.Explain periodic and perpetual review systems. 4. Explain the objectives of inventory management. 5. Describe the A-B-C approach and explain how it is useful. 6. Describe the basic EOQ model and its assumptions. 7. Describe reorder point models. 8. Describe situations in which the singleperiod model would be appropriate. Chapter 14 JIT and Lean Operations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Explain what is meant by the term endure operations sy stem. List each of the goals of a lean system and explain its importance. List and briefly describe the building blocks of lean. Identify the benefits of a lean system.Outline the considerations important in converting a traditional mode of operations to a lean system. 6. Point out some of the obstacles that might be encountered when converting to a lean system. 7. Describe value stream mapping. Chapter 15 Supply Chain Management 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Discuss the key issues of sum chain management. Name the recent trends in supply chain management. Summarize the motivations and risks of outsourcing as a strategy. State some of the complexities that are involved with global supply chains. List some of the strategic, tactical, and operational responsibilities of supply chain management.Give examples of some advantages of e-business. Explain the importance of supplier partnerships. List the requirements of an effective supply chain. Name some of the challenges in creating an eff ective supply chain. Chapter 16 Scheduling 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Explain what scheduling involves and the importance of good scheduling. Describe scheduling needs in high-volume and intermediate-volume systems. Describe scheduling needs in job shops. using up and interpret Gantt charts, and use the assignment method for loading. Give examples of commonly used priority rules.Summarize some of the unique problems encountered in service systems, and describe some of the approaches used for scheduling service systems. Chapter 17 Project Management 1. Discuss the behavioral aspects of projects in terms of project personnel and the project manager. 2. Explain the nature and importance of a work breakdown structure in project management. 3. Give a general description of PERT/CPM techniques. 4. Construct simple mesh topology diagrams. 5. List the kinds of information that a PERT or CPM analysis can provide. 6. Describe activity crashing and solve typical problems.Management of Waiting Lines After ompleting this chapter, you should be familiar with wait line terminology, be able to solve typical problems using the models presented in this chapter, and answer these questions 1. Describe what imbalance does the existence of a wait line reveal? 2. Explain what causes waiting lines to form, and why is it impossible to eliminate them completely? 3. Describe what metrics are used to help managers analyze waiting lines? 4. Explain what are some psychological approaches to managing waiting lines, and why might a manager want to use them? 5. Explain what very important lesson does the everlasting service time model provide for managers?

Motivations of Counselling and Therapy Professions

Motivations of Counselling and Therapy ProfessionsA friend in need is a anguish indeed. With bumper stickers manage that, it is hardly surprising that masses capacity wonder about the counselling and therapy professions Why would anyone in their right mind want to spend their ricking old age listening to other peoples tales of woe, whether stranger, friend or foe? Is the desire borne of altruism, voyeurism, narcissism, masochism, egoism or some other ism? Could it be ground in guilt, power, control, compassion, inferiority, a passion for puzzle solving, an urge to rescue or unmet intimacy needs? After all, the saying says you teach best what you most need to learn. Many healers and counsellors whitethorn hale be trying to work out their birth stuff and that whitethorn even be useful if it is accepted that the person, self-importance and psyche of the practician is an integral part of their operative day. However, the so-called wounded healer must be extremely c beful t o ensure their own stuff does non sop up in the way of the job To sponsor their clients help themselves.This topic will review publications related to the solid grounds people select a c atomic number 18er in counselling or therapy. While some authors group counselling and psychotherapy the so-called fifth profession others lump together cordial workers, psychologists, psychiatrists and/or psychoanalysts. For the purposes of brevity, this paper will use the word healer to refer to counsellors and psycho healers, as does app bently untold of the literature.To limit the scope of the review, it does not include literature focused on specific fields or client groups, such as school counselling. As most in-depth research related to professional motivations was undertaken before the 1980s when the companionable and professional landscape was considerably different most of the material reviewed has been written in the past decade as much refers to the earlier sources anyway. The major work in the field a classic dickens-volume study on the go determinants of psychotherapists by Henry, Sims, and Spray is to a greater extent than 30 years old. While some more than recent books touch on the topic through the in the flesh(predicate) stories of working therapists, new research is surprisingly s bay windowt.Various studies and surveys show the most common reason given for studying counselling or therapy as the predictable I want to help people but that is just the tip of the iceberg. As Farber and Northcross (2005) acme out, the decision is not as simple as that and involves many conscious and unconscious motives, a little bit of chance and the real reason may not even be fully known until late in a therapists career. Motivations come out rarely discussed in mental health journals or coursework and are more promising to arise in informal conversations or therapy sessions (Farber Northcross, 2005). The question as to why the profession seems so un w agered in its own motivations would, in itself, be worthy of exploration.Sussman, through his 2007 book, and Barnett, in her journal article the same year, provide more recent insights into the unconscious motivations of those who choose to train and work as therapists. Sussman contends that the decision to become a psychotherapist involves multiple grammatical constituents, some healthy and others neurotic (or psychotic), with motives and individualizedity patterns deeply rooted in the therapists developmental past and the kinetics of the family of origin (Sussman, 2007).Barnetts study of therapists unconscious motivations for their choice of profession arose from her observation of the recent substantial increase in the outlet of counselling courses on offer and the number of people wishing to become counsellors and psychotherapists. In her interviews with nine experienced psychoanalytic and psychodynamic psychotherapists about their professional and personal histories, Barnet t noted two major themes of early exit and narcissistic needs, emphasising the need for personal therapy for safe and effective practice. Farber, Manevich, Metzger Saypol (2005) took a two-pronged approach to the question, Why do people become psychotherapists?, by looking twain at common elements and specific factors. Interestingly, the approach is similar to efforts in determineing the factors effecting psycho sanative change (Imel Wampold, 2008).Several distinct themes recur throughout the literature but most authors seem to agree that no single factor is responsible for a persons motivation to become a therapist. Just as the nurture or nature consult is inconclusive, so too may be the question of professional motivation. On the whole, two broad factors seem to draw therapists to the profession Personal needs, whether conscious or unconscious and the possession of attributes or talents lending themselves to the therapeutic role.ThemesWhile a therapists personality naturally influences theoretical orientation and techniques, the emphasis on therapist variables in outcome research does not help explain what initially attracts people to the profession. A common theme in the literature is that of cultural or social marginalisation, the external counterpart of inner feelings of alienation and difference which may lead to concern with others and where we fit in society the concept of the wounded healer. Many writers more much than not therapists contend that torturing, early childhood experiences lead to a heightened awareness of disoblige in self and others, predisposing career choice. Considering the number of people who might flummox painful early experiences, the theory does not explain why only a small proportion of them choose to become therapists. Becoming a writer, or creative artist in any field, is perhaps as probably a response to early childhood pain as becoming a therapist.Psychological-mindedness an interest in why people think, fee l and be catch the way they do whether genetic or arising from childhood experiences, may be another core member in the would-be therapists make-up. Psychoanalytically, a wish to understand is in essence a wish to control ones experience or to avoid pain.Apart from persuasion style and experiences, some therapists are no doubt drawn to the field by the promise of career satisfaction through personal and professional rewards. different motivations might include a desire to understand or help people, enhanced find of identity, self-growth, intellectual arousal, autonomy and independence, freedom, making a difference, controlled intimacy, self- chation and authenticity. These motivations are likely to vary among private practice and the modern managed care environment (short-term, evidence based, red tape-ridden and lower paid favouring CBT, medication and the medical model).Many therapists try for to become an ascendant agent in intimate relationships without some of the risks for hurt and disappointment that we experienced in our earlier attempts at love and friendship, particularly inwardly our own families (Goldberg, 1986, as cited in Farber et al., 2005). The need to help and understand self through the suffering of others may be a less conscious need. A career as a therapist might attract people who feel frightened and impotent, giving them a chance to control and influence their clients lives (Bugental, 1964, as cited in Farber et al., 2005).The parentified child, a role reversal where the child sacrifices his or her own needs for a parent and/or sibling, might also be a would-be therapist. Maeder (1989) asserted that therapists, as children, were often in the role of caretaker and confidante and chose their profession to fill their own emotional void. They were lured, knowingly or unknowingly, by the position of authority, by the dependence of others, by the image of benevolence, by the promise of adulation, or by a hope of vicariously helping the mselves through helping others (Maeder, 1989, as cited in Farber et al., 2005).Sussman, through interviews with 14 therapists, found that therapists unconscious motivations reflected psychological needs related to sex and aggression, being affirmed by others, and feeling intimately connected. For example, a therapists needs for sexual gratification could be indirect (voyeuristic interest in patients sex lives) or, more rarely, direct (sexual relations with clients). Sussman posited that a career as an altruistic healer could be a defence against unpalatable aggressive instincts. A sadistic aspect of the profession was that, in often focusing on patients weaknesses, the therapist shatters their illusions and sense of grandiosity (2007). Ghent goes as far as to suggest that therapists are masochists What other occupation has built into it the frustration of feeling helpless, stupid, and lost as a indispensable part of the work? (1999).Sussman (2007) also suggests the existence of an element of narcissism among therapists who might benefit as much as their clients from the safety of a structured, boundaried property environment on a regular basis (in fact, he devotes an entire chapter to therapist narcissism in his book based on a all-around(prenominal) survey of motivations, an extensive review of the literature and discussion of the results of his qualitative study of therapists). Narcissism featured strongly in another qualitative study involving talk of the town with 11 experienced therapists (Barnett, 2007). Nine made reference to experiences of early loss and deprivation and eight to narcissistic needs. Alice Miller, in The Drama of the Gifted Child, proposed that future therapists often had narcissistic mothers and learnt to tune into others to stay connected (Miller, 1995). Of course, narcissistic personalities may adopt many careers other than therapy creative writers may also strongly tend to narcissism. wheelwright too warns of narcissistic therapi sts using patients as self objects who potentially massage egos with their adoration and appreciation, or support the therapists self-esteem with their dependence and vulnerability and they gaze into the jackpot of the clients eyes to see themselves (Wheeler, 2002). The therapeutic relationship is unusually demanding and involves being tested emotionally, intellectually and even practically and physically. Training and personal therapy can help with gross profit and understanding but the therapist needs the emotional capacity at the sire. If the calling to this work is fuelled by the wounded healer hypothesis, the key question must be how psychopathology can be used to serve, not exploit, the client. Wheeler posits, if somewhat obviously, that the students desire to work with a particular client group might come from unresolved conflicts and represent a projection of the wounded parts of self. Interestingly, she questions whether the practice of matching like with like for examp le, pairing therapists who have been abused with other abuse survivors should be encouraged. Along with the possibility of greater resonance and empathy lies the opposite everywhere-identification, projection, collusion, merger, denial or abuse. Perhaps trainees should be steered away from working with client groups with whom they have shared experiences to see whether they can genuinely enter the world of the other and whether there is a capacity for tolerating difference when there is less potential for self gain (Wheeler, 2002). However, surely the training of therapists should tell neophyte therapists before they start work with real clients whether they have the capacity to enter the world of another and hold up difference without self gain.In their ground-breaking 15-year international study, Orlinsky and Ronnestad (2005) focused broadly on the formative experiences, practices, and development of psychotherapists at all career levels through a serial publication of systema tic, controlled, clinically and theoretically informed analyses. In response to a question asking To what extent do you feel that your development as a therapist has been influenced by the motivation to explore and resolve your personal problems? about the relationship of personal problems to career choice, nearly half (48%) of 3577 respondents answered much or very much and only 16% said not at all or slightly (Orlinsky Ronnestad, 2005).Work by Skovholt, Jennings, and Mullenbach identified several themes in the life of 10 master therapists they studied, including the presence of significant but not overwhelming stress in their early years (Skovholt et al., 2004, cited in Farber et al., 2005). Another theme in the literature is the role of intellectual curiosity, an early interest in reading and the humanities, and a teacher or mentor in the therapists career choice (Farber et al., 2005). Still, all these factors are common to any form of creative endeavour as an adult creative, i ntelligent children are typically curious, read voraciously, are good observers, and seek a mentor or trusted person who will not only teach them but be an audience for their thoughts and discoveries.Psychologists Murphy and Halgin (1995) compared a group of 56 psychotherapists with 53 social psychologists for their study into the influences on career choice. They found that clinical psychologists were more likely than social psychologists to have been influenced in their career selections by distress during their life, desires to resolve personal problems, and opportunities for career achievement and advancement. Most respondents did not view problematic histories as central to their choice of career, and the magnitude of difference between the two groups of professionals was small. The finding is perhaps not surprising considering the scientific nature of psychology where objective data and evidence-based methodologies might hold more weight than the self of the practitioner.In a qualitative study of social workers practising as counsellors and psychotherapists, Lewis (2004) found that gender and class had a strong influence on the career choices made by men and women in social work. Women in the sample had pursued career directions with a strong clinical focus combined with roles such as management, charge and training and were more likely to express the need to balance their working lives with the needs of their families. Men were more likely to pursue careers in management and express feelings of responsibility to provide for their families once children were born. The analysis of data also found that men were more likely to identify their family origins as working class, while women identify their backgrounds as middle class.Zagier Roberts (1994) maintains that many of the conscious choices made by helping professionals are based on idealism. However, ideals are rooted in the unconscious and can contribute to primitive defenses, such as her example o f psychoanalysts who deeply need to believe in their costly and time-consuming approach to continue the work necessary to meet their own unconscious needs. People with similar needs are often drawn to a certain setting to work through their own unresolved issues and this can stir up collective defences (Bion, 1961, cited in Zagier Roberts, 1994). Professional idealism and group identity can blind practitioners to the weaknesses of a particular therapeutic approach while failure in their work can trigger guilt and anxiety, prompting primitive defences to maintain self-esteem. As the person of the therapist is a tool in the work, perhaps workers hope that they have enough goodness to heal others.Healthy boundaries are necessary to ensure optimal distance between client and helper. Rigid boundaries and labelling clients as crazy or unfortunate and the helpers as the sane experts is not useful. The so-called charity model does not honour those who it seeks to help if the lines between s ympathy and empathy become blurred. At the other extreme, professional helpers might feel guilty for being more educated or wealthy than their clients and may unconsciously try to lessen those differences through over-identification, leading to despair and burn-out. The need for clear client-therapist boundaries and realistic task definition is essential (Zagier Roberts, 1994).Personal therapy is another factor that seems to influence therapists career choice to varying extents. Having experienced the transformational effect of therapy may well lead to a desire to share the magic with others. Using personal experience to help another while continue healing ones self is a powerful motivator for many (Sussman, 2007).Controversies and debatesThe wounded healer notion seems to be one of the most common themes but does not explain why everyone damaged as a child does not become a therapist or why some therapists do not have a history of childhood pain.Farber and colleagues point out that adopted children are more likely to choose a career similar to their biological parents than their adoptive parents (Farber et al., 2005). The authors seem to think that the most essential of all factors contributing to therapy as a career choice is psychological-mindedness, which may be partly innate but increased through personal therapy and distress. They contend that high psychological-mindedness generally leads to a quest for greater understanding of self and others and ultimately the need to help others in a way that feels personally satisfying (Farber et al., 2005). However, as they point out, that does not explain why some therapists are more research oriented. One would not inherit psychological mindedness but, rather, a genetic trait of the order of introversion which would then sprout into, and be shaped into, what would be called psychological mindedness.Another way of understanding would-be therapists desire to help is through social learning theory that they have be en differentially reinforced for certain activities, including listening to and emotionally supporting others. Perhaps it is not a matter of how much pain potential therapists experienced in childhood but how they perceive or construct those experiences. Rather than minimising, repressing or suppressing the experiences, they try to find meaning and make sense of them.Childhood, family, society and finishing contribute to everyones choice of profession, not just therapists. The idea of the wounded healer makes sense that the therapist is psychologically curious as a result of his or her own personal suffering and conflicts, providing an awareness and sensitivity to understand and help others. Perhaps the question is not so much about whether or not therapists were wounded as children but whether they have begun healing their own wounds so they do not infect their clients or at least know they are wounded and are willing to consider the impact of this one their work with clients.Ko ttler (2004) is brutally honest about the realities, as he sees them, of being a therapist and asserts that most practitioners understand that they risk their own mental health through working so closely with people who are emotionally disturbed, in pain or in crisis. He wonders how therapists cannot but be polluted to some extent by the suffering of others and whether Freuds notion of detachment was more about protect the practitioner than the client. Kottlers long list of negatives includes a sense of responsibility, repetition, boredom, feelings of inadequacy, isolation, brain strain, stress from systems and re-opening of ones own wounds. He cites the fact that even person-centred pioneer Carl Rogers nearly had a sectionalisation after being stalked by a deeply disturbed client, although other factors might also have contributed to Rogers vulnerability at the time.Yalom (2001) clearly regards therapy as a calling rather than a profession, valuing interpersonal skills, sensitivit y, awareness, warmth and humour. He too is a realist sharing actual stories from his own practice and his writings excite trainees. Yalom operates from an existential and interpersonal frame of reference, advocates a pluralistic approach and draws on a variety of theoretical models. He quotes Erik Erikson as describing the post-narcissism late-life stage as generativity, when people begin to focus less on self and want to pass on their wisdom to the next generation. Perhaps that could be a motivation for cured students enrolling in counselling and therapy courses. It might be too that therapists real reasons for choosing to work in the field can be better understood with hindsight and professional maturity. Yalom writes barely and to the point in snack-sized chapters about balancing the magic, mystery, and authority that come with the job of freeing clients of their reliance on therapy. Sussman (2007) too provides inspiration to newcomers to this curious calling and both his wo rk and Yaloms would do well as required reading in training for supervisors and students.EvaluationLimitations in much of the research to date is that findings are based on small sample groups (fewer than 15) for unstructured interview data and that comparison groups are rarely used to compare therapists motivations with other professionals. With the exception of studies by Elliott and cat (1993) and Fussell and Bonney (1990), investigators have not used comparison groups to distinguish therapists experiences from those of other professions, such as teaching, nursing or accounting.As stated in the introduction, much of the data on therapists motivations was collected several decades ago when the profession was dominated by male Jewish psychoanalysts. It should also be acknowledged that personal motives are demanding to investigate, especially if not well understood by the therapist responding to a survey question or interview.Todays therapeutic landscape is vastly different with m ore female practitioners and a growing reliance on brief, solution-focused and cognitive modalities. More new studies are needed to determine whether the career motivations of therapists now aged over 50 differ significantly from those of younger therapists. Research on whether therapist career motivations vary with age, theoretical orientation or gender identity trunk to be done.ConclusionsSo, what makes a counsellor or psychotherapist? Clearly, the question is as complex as the individuals themselves. It is likely that the answer cannot be found in a single gene, experience, mentor, book, film, event or training course. Most probably, the motivation is drawn from a mix of ingredients in varying measures including sensitivity, early distress in self and others, an interest in emotion and behavior, personal therapy, being a confidante and having an influential mentor.It should also be stressed that unconscious, dysfunctional motives for becoming a therapist, such as a need for powe r or recognition, can coexist with altruistic and caring motives. However, a motivation driven by personal needs, whether conscious or unconscious, carries a risk of harmful or poorly directed practice. Thorough interviews of prospective trainees, supervision focused on the self of the therapist as well as case management, ongoing or intermittent personal therapy, peer support and professional development are critical mechanisms to minimise the risk that motivations associated with personal needs do not impact on clients adversely. Without awareness of their own shadows and blind spots, practitioners risk using clients to fulfil their own unmet needs.Whether wounded or not, anyone considering a career in the field should illuminate their own hidden motivations before trying to enlighten others. Personal therapy and self-monitoring, whether through individual or group therapy, should be a mandatory requirement in training and for membership of all professional associations.Although t he jury is still out on whether personal therapy improves client outcomes it should be stressed that nobody, even therapists with decades of experience, ever finishes his or her own work it is a lifelong process. Regardless of motivation, aspiring counsellors and therapists cannot be expected to be healed when they start their training course but must at least be open to change and feedback through the process if they are to help others.Periodically re-examining motivations for working in the field might be a useful exercise during times of uncertainty, fatigue and disillusionment. For example, therapists who enter the field primarily for intellectual and creative stimulation might burn out more quickly working in a managed-care CBT environment than someone with the freedom of private practice. Perhaps it would motivate therapists to understand more professional development events, join a peer network, or explore new theoretical models or client groups.Re-visiting the motivations for entering such a challenging profession could serve to revitalise, rejuvenate, renew, refresh and remind practitioners of the unique and meaningful benefits of this privileged work. As Norcross and Guy (2007) discovered in their interviews with master therapists, refocusing on the rewards of practising psychotherapy enabled many to reduce their work-related distress Much like reminding yourself of why you fell in love with your partner, such reflection on your role as a psychotherapist can refresh our sense of calling (p. 20).So, what brings you here today?